Auburn ANTH-1000 Midterm 2022/2023 EDITION GUARANTEED GRADE A+

Anthropology Study of the origins and development of people and their societies AAA's Code of Ethics -Do No Harm -Be Open and Honest About your Work -Obtain Informed Consent and Permissions -Weigh Competing Ethical Obligations -Make Results Accessible -Protect and Preserve Records Adaptation refers to the processes by which organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses Archaeology reconstructs, describes, and interprets human behavior and cultural patterns through material remains. Applied Anthropology The use of anthropological knowledge and methods to solve practical problems, often for a specific client. Biocultural an approach that focuses on the interaction of biology and culture Biological Anthropology the study of human biological diversity through time and as it exists in the world today. Cultural Resource Management (CRM) The branch of applied archaeology aimed at preserving sites threatened by dams, highways, and other projects. Culture traditions and customs, transmitted through learning, that form and guide the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to them Ethnography Fieldwork in a particular culture. A written or recorded description of a society's customary behaviors, and ideas. Ethnology The theoretical, comparative study of society and culture; compares cultures in time and space Linguistic Anthropology The branch of anthropology that studies linguistic variation in time and space, including interrelations between language and culture; includes historical linguistics and sociolinguistics. Science A "systematic field of study or body of knowledge that aims, through experiment, observation, and deduction, to produce reliable explanations of phenomena, with reference to the material and physical world." Society Organized life in groups; typical of humans and other animals. Sociolinguistics "The study of relationships between social and linguistic variation; the study of language in its social context." Acculturation The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct. Cultural Appropriation Taking or using, without permission or recompense, an aspect of someone else's heritage in inappropriate, harmful, or unwelcome ways. cultural relativism The position that the values and standards of cultures differ and deserve respect. Anthropology is characterized by methodological rather than moral relativism: In order to understand another culture fully, anthropologists try to understand its members' beliefs and motivations. Methodological relativism does not preclude making moral judgments or taking action. Diffusion Borrowing between cultures either directly or through intermediaries. Enculturation The social process by which culture is learned and transmitted across the generations. Ethnocentrism The tendency to view one's own culture as best and to judge the behavior and beliefs of culturally different people by one's own standards. Globalization The accelerating interdependence of nations in a world system linked economically and through mass media and modern transportation systems. Hominoids The accelerating interdependence of nations in a world system linked economically and through mass media and modern transportation systems. Hominin A member of the human lineage after its split from ancestral chimps; used to describe all the human species that ever have existed, including the extinct ones, but excluding chimps and gorillas. Human Rights The doctrine that invokes a realm of justice and morality beyond and superior to particular countries, cultures, and religions. Human rights, usually seen as vested in individuals, include the rights to speak freely, to hold religious beliefs without persecution, and not to be enslaved. mechanisms of cultural change diffusion, acculturation, independent invention Symbol Something, verbal or nonverbal, that arbitrarily and by convention stands for something else, with which it has no necessary or natural connection. holistic approach the study of a whole culture completely. observe human behavior and interview members of soc. Goal- to study the broad range of human beliefs and behaviors to discover what it means to be human. Paleoanthropology The study of hominin evolution and human life as revealed by the fossil record. general culture the overall culture developed by a people within a society who speak a common language and share the same basic social institutions Universal Culture patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies Clifford Geertz The American cultural anthropologist Clifford Geertz (born 1926) did ethnographic field work in Indonesia and Morocco, wrote influential essays on central theoretical issues in the social sciences, and advocated a distinctive "interpretive" approach to anthropology. EB Taylor founder of cultural anthropology What are the subfields of Anthropology? What assumptions do all anthropologists share? The Subfields include: * Archaeology * Linguistic Anthropology * Physical Anthropology * Sociocultural Anthropology The most fundamental assumption is the idea that "human nature" cannot be derived from any single culture or population. What is culture? What are the characteristics of culture? Culture is traditions and customs, transmitted through learning, that form and guides the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to them. Culture is learned, symbolic, shared, and integrated and holistic. Why is it important for Anthropologists to consider issues such as cultural relativism, human rights, and cultural rights in their work? It's important for Anthropologists because they need to have an objective view on the world and should get rid of all biases they have when studying others cultures. Who are the Nacirema? Americans Absolute Dating Dating techniques that establish dates in numbers or ranges of numbers; examples include the radiometric methods of 14C, K/A, 238U, TL, and ESR dating. Carbon-14 dating Process of estimating age of once living material by measuring the amount of radioactive isotope of carbon present in material. Emic The research strategy that focuses on native explanations and criteria of significance. Local-oriented. Etic The research strategy that emphasizes the observer's rather than the natives' explanations, categories, and criteria of significance. Science-oriented. Fieldwork the term anthropologists use for on-location research Informed Consent An agreement to take part in research, after the people being studied have been told about that research's purpose, nature, procedures, and potential impact on them. Paleopathology The study of disease and injury in skeletons from archaeological sites. Participant observation A characteristic ethnographic technique; taking part in the events one is observing, describing, and analyzing. Principle of Superposition "In an undisturbed sequence of strata, the oldest layer is on the bottom. Each successive layer above is younger than the one below." Relative dating A dating technique (e.g., stratigraphy) that establish a time frame in relation to other strata or materials, rather than absolute dates in numbers. Scientific Method/Process A series of steps used to investigate natural occurrences or the accuracy of claims. It goes Observation > Hypothesis > Predictions > Test > Either have your hypothesis supported, or revise your hypothesis depending on results. Stratigraphy The science that examines the ways in which earth sediments are deposited in demarcated layers known as strata (singular, stratum). Taphonomy The study of the processes—biological and geological—by which dead animals become fossils; from the Greek taphos, which means "tomb." Variables Attributes (e.g., age, occupation, income) that differ from one person or case to the next. Potassium-Argon Dating radiometric technique using the decay of K to Ar in potassium-bearing rocks; estimates the age of sediments in which fossils are found. NAGPRA The U.S. Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) was passed in 1990, establishing the ownership of any Native American cultural artifacts found on tribal land. Material Evidence Refers to facts that exist on their own Inferred Evidence Refers to that which includes material evidence plus interpretation Hypothesis a provisional explanation for a problem that is identified through observation Quantitative Data Measurements of quantity, including such properties of size, number, or capacity. Quantified data are expressed numerically and can be tested statistically, such as chronological age, blood pressure, and height. Qualitative Data descriptive data and can also be examined and assessed. Examples include gender, kinship group, and religious affiliation. Theory A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data What are the strengths and weaknesses of ethnography compared with survey research? Ethnography and ethnographers have the strength of better being able to understand a certain cultures way of life and culture by directly implementing themselves into the subjects society and culture. However, the data you get through ethnography as compared to survey research might be less objective and quantitative. What is the Code of Ethics in Anthropology? 1) Do No Harm; 2) Be Open and Honest Regarding Your Work; 3) Obtain Informed Consent and Necessary Permissions; 4) Weigh Competing Ethical Obligations Due Collaborators and Affected Parties; 5) Make Your Results Accessible; 6) Protest and Preserve Your Records; and 7) Maintain Respectful and Ethical Professional Relationships. Disease A scientifically identified health threat caused by genetics or a bacterium, virus, fungus, parasite, or other pathogen. Illness A condition of poor health perceived or felt by an individual. Medical Anthropology A field that unites biological and cultural anthropologists in the study of disease, health problems, health care systems, and theories about illness in different cultures and ethnic groups. Public Anthropology Efforts to extend anthropology's visibility beyond academia and to demonstrate its public policy relevance. Forensic Anthropology applies techniques from applied biology to solve crimes. Specialists in this field use knowledge and techniques from archaeology and osteology in a medical/legal setting. disease theory systems personalistic, naturalistic, emotionalistic How can Forensic Anthropologists reconstruct life information from the skeleton? Forensic anthropologists can use many things to gather information on skeletons. They can look for damage on bones for how active they were or how they died, wear on teeth to see what they ate, size of the bones to see age/sex, among many others. Alleles A biochemical difference involving a particular gene. Genetic Drift variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce. Catastrophism The view that extinct species were destroyed by fires, floods, and other catastrophes. After each destructive event, God created again, leading to contemporary species. Chromosomes CONTINUED..