C785 final biochem with correct answers

Which mRNA sequence results in a polypeptide that contains three amino acids? - correct answers5' - CUU GAU ACU UAG - 3' Which RNA sequence would end in the following polypeptide? Phe-Thr-Val-Stop - correct answers5' - UUC ACA GUA UAA - 3' What is the complementary sequence for the following DNA sequence? 5' - GCC ATC TCG AAT - 3' - correct answers5' - ATT CGA GAT GGC - 3' Assuming 100% reaction efficiency, how many DNA copies are created after the completion of four complete PCR cycles? - correct answers16 What is the function of DNA polymerase in the process of PCR? - correct answersIt recognizes the primers and uses the available dNTPs to replicate the template DNA sequence. 5' - [...] ATT CGC TAG GGC [...] - 3' − Normal DNA 5' - [...] ATT CGC GAG GGC [...] - 3' − Mutant DNA Which type of mutation and outcome characterizes the Mutant DNA? - correct answersA missense mutation leading to a longer protein In sickle-cell disease, the glutamic acid (Glu) at position number seven is mutated to valine (Val). What change in codons corresponds to this mutation? - correct answersGAA to GTA What are possible blood types of the parents of a patient with blood type AB? - correct answersA and B Which pair of chromosomes accurately depicts the genotype of a person with an autosomal recessive mutant HBB allele and sickle cell anemia? - correct answersoption 3- 2 mutant genes on chromosome 11 Which pair of chromosomes accurately depicts the genotype of a person with an X-linked recessive mutant ALAS2 allele and sideroblastic anemia? - correct answersoption 3, mutated allele Studies have shown that increased expression of two genes called SIRT1 and SIRT2 is associated with chronic exposure to cocaine and contributes to drug addiction. What difference in the regions of the SIRT1 and SIRT2 genes in people addicted to cocaine increases their expression? - correct answersThe nucleosomes become more widely spaced. Mice with low levels of agouti gene expression tend to have yellow fur and are obese, while mice with higher levels of expression are brown and of normal weight. Studies show that expression of the agouti gene in mice can be controlled by epigenetics. Mice with low levels of agouti gene expression tend to have yellow fur and are obese, while mice with higher levels of expression are brown and of normal weight. Studies show that expression of the agouti gene in mice can be controlled by epigenetics. What scenario describes epigenetic regulation of the agouti gene? - correct answersMother mice fed methyl-rich diets during pregnancy give birth to offspring with decreased agouti gene expression compared to those fed a methyl-poor diet. Oxidative damage to DNA can often result in the alteration of a single nucleotide. Which DNA repair mechanism would repair this type of damage? - correct answersBase excision repair Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a recessive genetic disease that occurs when one or more of the genes that perform nucleotide excision repair are nonfunctional. Why do XP patients have a much higher incidence of skin cancer than the general population? - correct answersThe mutation rate of all other genes is higher due to failure to repair. Which reaction is responsible for the formation of polypeptides? - correct answersDehydration Which portion of the amino acid is inside the box? - correct answersCarboxyl group Which amino acid side group is polar? - correct answersoption 2-one with charge When placed within a polypeptide chain, which amino acid would interact most favorably with nonpolar amino acids? - correct answersoption 2-non polar Which term describes the order of amino acids in a peptide chain? - correct answersPrimary structure When using heat to denature a protein, which force is the first to be disrupted as temperature increases? - correct answersHydrophobic interactions A commonly used technique for protein denaturation is adding an acid or a base to dramatically change the pH. Which force is most impacted by this change in pH? - correct answersIonic bonds An active elderly patient is becoming frequently disoriented, having trouble recalling her daily routine, and becoming aggravated easily. She forgets words and places and has difficulty recognizing her children. Which biochemical event is responsible for this patient's behavior? - correct answersProtein aggregation In which situation would altering a protein structure lead to a disease state? - correct answersA mutation in aconitase blocks an essential step in aerobic metabolism How can an alteration in protein structure lead to a disease state? - correct answersA mutation replaces an isoleucine with an aspartic acid in a transcription factor protein, which blocks the normal folding of the protein and its function in the expression of certain genes. Which structural level shows the greatest difference when replacing denatured proteins with a denatured single subunit protein? - correct answersTertiary Frying an egg changes the egg white from a clear liquid to an opaque solid. Which molecular change in the albumin protein causes this change in appearance? - correct answersHydrophobic interactions form between denatured egg white proteins. What is the driving mechanism of plaque formation in prion diseases? - correct answersPropagation of misfolding from one protein to another Which feature of a protein made of a single polypeptide chain is most directly responsible for its function? - correct answersThree-dimensional structure How does the Bohr effect describe the relationship between carbon dioxide levels, blood pH and the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin? - correct answersAn increase in carbon dioxide production leads to a decrease in blood pH, causing hemoglobin to release oxygen more readily. Which statement describes the binding of oxygen gas to a heme group? - correct answersThe binding of oxygen gas to heme changes the structure of the heme group. Which characteristic of myoglobin makes it an effective oxygen storage molecule? - correct answersIt has a high affinity for oxygen. At low O 2 concentrations, how does myoglobin's affinity for O 2 relate to hemoglobin's affinity for O 2? - correct answersMyoglobin has a much greater affinity for O 2 than hemoglobin does. Which pair of binding curves accurately compares how hemoglobin and myoglobin become saturated with oxygen as a function of the partial pressure of oxygen? - correct answersoption 2 How does pH level promote the deoxygenated conformation of hemoglobin? - correct answersWhen pH lowers, O 2 binds with excess HCO 3 - in the blood, which blocks its ability to bind to the heme group and pull it into the dome conformation. What is occurring in surrounding tissues as the amount of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen increases? - correct answersThe amount of carbon dioxide decreases. What is feedback inhibition? - correct answersReversible, noncompetitive inhibition of an enzyme in a pathway by a product of that pathway Which form of enzyme regulation is likely to be used by an organism to control the catalytic activity of its enzymes as it adapts to changes in available nutrients? - correct answersFeedback inhibition How does heating beyond optimum temperature inactivate enzymes? - correct answersBy changing the enzyme's three-dimensional shape What occurs in enzymes during the phenomenon of induced fit? - correct answersSubstrate binding causes a conformational change. C785 final biochem Which portion of the enzyme does the substrate bind to? - correct answersActive site Based on the provided enzyme pathway below, what would occur as a result of a defect in the enzyme which catalyzes the D→E reaction? - correct answersThe amount of C would increase. Which type of inhibition occurs when a particular drug binds to the allosteric site of an enzyme and subsequently changes the enzyme's structure - correct answersNon competitive A particular enzyme acts on the succinate substrate and is inhibited by malonate. Which type of inhibition is expected based on the following structures? - correct answersCompetitive What occurs immediately after the appropriate molecule enters the active site of an enzyme? - correct answersThe enzyme binds the molecule to form an enzyme-molecule complex. Which type of inhibition is depicted in the following reaction scheme? - correct answersFeedback inhibition Which type of inhibition is depicted in the following figure? - correct answersnon competitive How is energy provided for ATP production during the final stage of aerobic metabolism? - correct answersProtons diffuse through a transmembrane protein. How does insulin impact carbohydrate metabolism? - correct answersIt stimulates the uptake of glucose from the blood by cells in the body. How does insulin reduce blood glucose levels? - correct answersIt increases the translocation of GluT4 transporters to the cell membrane. Approximately how many ATP molecules can be produced from a single molecule of glucose during aerobic metabolism? - correct answers30 Which cellular condition prompts the cell to perform fermentation rather than the citric acid cycle? - correct answersLack of O 2 What causes the symptoms of noninsulin-dependent (Type 2) diabetes? - correct answersThere are not enough GluT4 transporters on plasma membranes. How many molecules of acetyl-CoA will the following fatty acid produce? - correct answers8 Which metabolic pathway involves coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD? - correct answersBeta oxidation Which molecule is pyruvate directly converted to under aerobic conditions? - correct answersAcetyl-CoA How many molecules of lactate are required to produce one molecule of glucose? - correct answers2 What is the role of oxygen in aerobic metabolism? - correct answersIt acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain Which pathway is triggered by increased levels of epinephrine and provides a quick increase in available glucose? - correct answersGlycogenolysis Which type of molecule can be used in gluconeogenesis? - correct answersAmino acids Which molecule acts as the primary signal for glycogen breakdown? - correct answersGlucagon What is a possible chemical formula for a monounsaturated fatty acid? - correct answersC 8 H 14 O 2 Which carbon atom is the omega-carbon in the following fatty acid? - correct answers1 Which molecule represents the structural formula CH 3(CH 2) 4CH = CH(CH 2) 4COOH? - correct answersoption 1 What is the correct chemical formula of the following fatty acid? - correct answersCH 3(CH 2) 5CH = CH(CH 2) 2COOH What is the function of the class of lipids known as eicosanoids? - correct answersThey act as signaling molecules. What is a glycolipid? - correct answersA polymer of monosaccharides covalently attached to a membrane lipid. Which component of red blood cells determines blood type in the ABO blood group system? - correct answersGlycolipids and glycoproteins Which vitamin is not absorbed by phospholipid micelles? - correct answersVitamin C Which event is stimulated by release of glucagon into the blood? - correct answersIncrease in lipolysis of triglycerides What occurs in an otherwise healthy person whose diet has very few carbohydrates and high levels of fats? - correct answersAcetone is produced in the blood.