CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY
L1: INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNE SYSTEM
Immune response:
- Infection triggers inflammatory response- 1st step in initiation of immune
response.
- Process designed to contain injury, neutralize pathogen and heal damaged
tissue.
- Cellular components (i.e. neutrophils, mast cells etc) move to site of infection.
- Phagocytosis of pathogen
- Attempted destruction of pathogen
- Creation of debris.
Effector Mechanism:
After pathogen has gained entry into host and has been recognized, there are 3 ways
of getting rid of pathogen.
1) Neutralisation:
- Binding to pathogen
- Requires recognition of pathogen- specific structures- esp in areas that
pathogen use to gain entry to host.
2) Expulsion:
- Mechanical process- sneezing, cough, vomiting et
- Body gets rid of a neutralized pathogen.
3) Destruction:
- if (1) and (2) can’t be done Innate components:
- Chemical, toxic -Primitive 1st line of defense
- Enzymatic Substances toxic/inhibitory to organisms
-Triggering Apoptosis. - Enzymes e.g. lysozyme in tears
- C-reactive protein (CRP)
Organisation of Immune response: Cellular component:
Most primitive components: - Neutrophils, Basophils, Mast Cells
Physical Barriers: - Natural Killer Cells
- Skin, wax in ears - Monocytes, Macrophages
- Sphincters-prevent access to Protein Component:
mucosal surface - Complement system
- Cilia- e.g. in airway
- Peristaltic movement
Chemical Barriers:
- Mucus- sticky to trap pathogens
Environmental Barriers:
- pH- toxic/limiting to pathogen
-
L1: INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNE SYSTEM
Immune response:
- Infection triggers inflammatory response- 1st step in initiation of immune
response.
- Process designed to contain injury, neutralize pathogen and heal damaged
tissue.
- Cellular components (i.e. neutrophils, mast cells etc) move to site of infection.
- Phagocytosis of pathogen
- Attempted destruction of pathogen
- Creation of debris.
Effector Mechanism:
After pathogen has gained entry into host and has been recognized, there are 3 ways
of getting rid of pathogen.
1) Neutralisation:
- Binding to pathogen
- Requires recognition of pathogen- specific structures- esp in areas that
pathogen use to gain entry to host.
2) Expulsion:
- Mechanical process- sneezing, cough, vomiting et
- Body gets rid of a neutralized pathogen.
3) Destruction:
- if (1) and (2) can’t be done Innate components:
- Chemical, toxic -Primitive 1st line of defense
- Enzymatic Substances toxic/inhibitory to organisms
-Triggering Apoptosis. - Enzymes e.g. lysozyme in tears
- C-reactive protein (CRP)
Organisation of Immune response: Cellular component:
Most primitive components: - Neutrophils, Basophils, Mast Cells
Physical Barriers: - Natural Killer Cells
- Skin, wax in ears - Monocytes, Macrophages
- Sphincters-prevent access to Protein Component:
mucosal surface - Complement system
- Cilia- e.g. in airway
- Peristaltic movement
Chemical Barriers:
- Mucus- sticky to trap pathogens
Environmental Barriers:
- pH- toxic/limiting to pathogen
-
