American Yawp, Chapter 1 | Questions and Answers with complete solution

The Columbian Exchange - The global exchange of people, animals, plants, and disease (microbes) that occurred when Europeans began traveling to the Western Hemisphere. While there are obvious long-term ramifications for all parts of this exchange, it is especially worth noting that the transmission of European disease to the Americas killed an estimated 95 percent of Native Americans within 130 years of contact—a demographic disaster with no equivalent in human history. Three Sisters - Refers to three cops—corn, beans, and squash—that were critical to indigenous American diets with the adoption of permanent, intensive agriculture. These crops were symbiotic (meaning they could be sustainably farmed) and nutritionally rich, meaning that they allowed for the growth of stable and prosperous communities in North America. Matrilineal - Form of social organization that recognizes familial and clan identity according to the female line (through mothers rather than through fathers). This often meant that women in many Native American societies wielded more influence (especially since they frequently also controlled agricultural production) than their counterparts in European societies. Cahokia - Mississippian city whose population was an estimated 10,000-30,000 at its peak in the 13th century. Known for its elaborate earthworks, Cahokia was the center of a hierarchical civilization politically organized around clan-based chiefdoms. It collapsed around 1300, likely because of ecological devastation of the region along with warfare and internal political disputes. Native American slavery - Unlike the form of race-based chattel slavery that Europeans would develop in later years, this form of slavery (usually the result of captivity during war) was not a permanent condition and could be overcome by establishing kinship bonds—through adoption or marriage—in the community. The trade of slaves and use of slave labor was significant economically and politically for many Native communities. Crusades - A series of religiously-motivated wars instigated and supported by the Latin Church during the medieval period. Significant for linking Europe with the riches, technology, and advanced learning of