Biol 471 Exam 3 (A+ GRADED)

Fitness and mutation; correct answers -Most mutants are deleterious -Distribution of fitness effects -Mutation and adaptation -Start with single mutation set up many lines, minimize effects of selection then see how mutation accumulates -Tail relative to ancestral type you get an increase in fitness, most are neutral and deleterious Cat Gloves example correct answers -white gloves on certain breeds like Burman due to single changes in the kit gene -At specific location of Kit gene: two changes that change the amino acid at one or the other leading to the phenotype, single locus trait-> point mutation -Synonymous: doesn't change the phenotype Major types of mutation correct answers -point mutations-> synonymous and non-synonymous -insertions and deletions -indel-> add or subtract small regions -duplication of region, gene, or whole chromosome chunk -chromosomal changes-> inversions and translocations, ploidy changes mutation rate correct answers rate at which (new) mutations arise -Synonymous: evolve under neutral evolution (mutation and drift) -Nonsynonymous: evolve under mutation, selection, and drift substitution rate correct answers rate at which new mutations become fixed in a population -Big chunk we can't measure their impact, slice that is deleterious/negative, small amount that are lethal, small amount that are beneficial -More likely to be neutral don't really change mutation rates; specific genes correct answers -Single base, gene, genome: 1 in a million/billion -Multicellular eukaryotes vs single celled prokaryotes-> euk have higher rate of mutation -Differences in reproduction: sexual vs asexual, sizes of genome -Mutations in gametes are what matter because it effects contribution to the next generation -Eggs are developed early on in life and that's it, large cell vs sperm continuously made -Mutations in sperm with age accumulates more mutation rates; per genome per generation correct answers -For mammals, there may be one or a 2-10 mutations for each individual for bacteria it's one in a thousand chance in one individual -We are all mutants -Rate of mutations into an organism could be large depending on the population Electrophoretic Variation correct answers -ADH in Drosophila -Frequency of S allele (common in north) and F allele (common in south) -Genetic cline in this population, so what causes this? -Something about these genes under different patterns of selection