Translated from Afrikaans to English - www.onlinedoctranslator.com
Social Sciences
, CHANGES IN BRITAIN > INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Modern world = dependent on INDUSTRIES [manufacturing + mining]
> supply of goods (modern society→work, residence, school,
transport, entertainment)
INDUSTRIES = dependent on CAPITAL (money) & labour (men +
women)
1700s & 1800s > Britain = large scale establishment of INDUSTRIES = INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
WEALTH OF SLAVE TRADE
Z Transatlantic slave trade = economic gains for America + Britain > European slave
traders = capture / trade slaves > work on cotton, sugar and tobacco plantations
[also trade slaves for guns and other goods from Europe]
Z British slave trade = +- 245 years
Z 10,000 voyages to Africa (British slave traders) > capture slaves + trade
Z British ships = +- 3.4 million slaves from Africa to America (sold at a huge profit)
Z Colonies send raw materials (cotton)→Britain > manufacturing goods
Z 1750→1780 > +- 70% British government income = taxation of goods from colonies
IMPORTANCE OF SLAVE TRADE
>Britain = biggest slave trader
→slave trade = enriches Britain (+people) = money for new machines + businesses (puts
the Industrial Revolution into action)
ECONOMY BEFORE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
[FARM ECONOMY & COTTAGE INDUSTRIES]
FARMING ECONOMY:
AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION = new ways of farming (leads to Industrial Revolution)
Early 1700s> agriculture = main ECONOMIC ACTIVITY (Britain) [imports (luxuries) = tea,
sugar, rice & sheep farming = wool production]
W Learn about soil products
W Make basic goods in houses / workshops
W Stay in the same village for life
Agriculture = work for artisans (wagon makers & tool makers & small manufacturers >
cottage industries)
[COTTAGE INDUSTRIES → ordinary house from which OWNERS work and
produce HANDMADE goods]
2© Noted Summaries Grade 8 SS Part 2: History www.notedsummaries.co.za
,BUT (change) > Britain's population = farmers could not
produce enough food & had to develop FARMING METHODS >
fertilizers & planter → produce more food > no need to employ
many people (povertydue to less labour intensive approach)
Early 1800s’ > farm workers migrate to colonies (America &
Cape) for a better place to live > others look for work in towns = BRING TRADE
BETWEEN FARMERS, TOWNS & COLONIES
INCLUDING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
[INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION → way new manufacturing machines changed
people's way of life]
→ change society RADICALLY, but GRADUAL PROCESS [lasts +- a century]
→ 1700s begin > BRITAIN and spreads to Europe & America
→period in the 18th and 19th centuries when Britain was transformed from a
predominantly agricultural nation into the manufacturing workshop of the world
→result of the changes in economic and social organization
→characterized mainly by the replacement of hand tools with power-driven machines and
the concentration of industry in large enterprises
**mass production = hundreds / thousands of the same products are made in a SHORT
PERIOD
[STEAM ENGINE]
→ MOST IMPORTANT INVENTION of the
Industrial Revolution
→ 1712 > Thomas Newcomen
→ steam power = mass production in factories >
provided power for new modes of transport
(trains & steamboats)
SOCIAL CHANGES → INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
W Middle class developed (businessmen, traders, doctors, lawyers, teachers etc.) >
passage of time → workers = organized > better wages & working conditions > earn
better money & children go to school [ living standards]
3© Noted Summaries Grade 8 SS Part 2: History www.notedsummaries.co.za
, CHANGE IN STANDARD OF LIVING:
middle & upper class
low and working class
URBANIZATION & CHANGING LIVING CONDITIONS:
DUE TO URBANIZATION = MIGRATION
URBANISATION Workers move to and from
cities
Z Towns = unpleasant
Z Factory bosses = build small houses >
Move to live near work
close together (rows) [e.g. Manchester +
Birmingham] = TOWNS + CITIES GROW ()
Z Only 1 water pump per street
Z Sewage flows in the streets = POVERTY
Z
Z
Only a few outside toilets
Dirty conditions = spread of diseases
POVERTY
[smallpox + dysentery; 1832 = 31,000 Z People = not happy with standard of living
cholera deaths] > move to cities
Z Chosen to be part of factory system /
farming / mining
Work long, hard (unfair) hours
WORKSHOPS Z
Z LACK OF LEGAL PROTECTION
Z URBAN VULNERABILITY
Z Big buildings = helping poor people who
Z Men + women + children = exploited
have no home / job
Z Factory bosses = being directed
Z Lodging + voiding > people work AROUND
&exploitation
THE WORKHOUSES FOR NO PAYMENT
(lodging + food are their wages)
Z Poor orphans, sick, elderly, disabled &
unwed mothers
MINES AND FACTORIES & CHILD LABOUR [MILLS & MINES]:
Industrial Revolution (beneficial to some):
Z Opportunity
Z Learning new skills
Z Career follows
Z to make money
Workers > long hours for very little pay
Mines + factories = dirty, unhealthy & dangerous [despite this people migrate to
industrialized towns + cities for work]
Steam engine = coal industry impact
MINES Z
Z Coal Mining = Britain > OLDEST INDUSTRIES
4© Noted Summaries Grade 8 SS Part 2: History www.notedsummaries.co.za
Social Sciences
, CHANGES IN BRITAIN > INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Modern world = dependent on INDUSTRIES [manufacturing + mining]
> supply of goods (modern society→work, residence, school,
transport, entertainment)
INDUSTRIES = dependent on CAPITAL (money) & labour (men +
women)
1700s & 1800s > Britain = large scale establishment of INDUSTRIES = INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
WEALTH OF SLAVE TRADE
Z Transatlantic slave trade = economic gains for America + Britain > European slave
traders = capture / trade slaves > work on cotton, sugar and tobacco plantations
[also trade slaves for guns and other goods from Europe]
Z British slave trade = +- 245 years
Z 10,000 voyages to Africa (British slave traders) > capture slaves + trade
Z British ships = +- 3.4 million slaves from Africa to America (sold at a huge profit)
Z Colonies send raw materials (cotton)→Britain > manufacturing goods
Z 1750→1780 > +- 70% British government income = taxation of goods from colonies
IMPORTANCE OF SLAVE TRADE
>Britain = biggest slave trader
→slave trade = enriches Britain (+people) = money for new machines + businesses (puts
the Industrial Revolution into action)
ECONOMY BEFORE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
[FARM ECONOMY & COTTAGE INDUSTRIES]
FARMING ECONOMY:
AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION = new ways of farming (leads to Industrial Revolution)
Early 1700s> agriculture = main ECONOMIC ACTIVITY (Britain) [imports (luxuries) = tea,
sugar, rice & sheep farming = wool production]
W Learn about soil products
W Make basic goods in houses / workshops
W Stay in the same village for life
Agriculture = work for artisans (wagon makers & tool makers & small manufacturers >
cottage industries)
[COTTAGE INDUSTRIES → ordinary house from which OWNERS work and
produce HANDMADE goods]
2© Noted Summaries Grade 8 SS Part 2: History www.notedsummaries.co.za
,BUT (change) > Britain's population = farmers could not
produce enough food & had to develop FARMING METHODS >
fertilizers & planter → produce more food > no need to employ
many people (povertydue to less labour intensive approach)
Early 1800s’ > farm workers migrate to colonies (America &
Cape) for a better place to live > others look for work in towns = BRING TRADE
BETWEEN FARMERS, TOWNS & COLONIES
INCLUDING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
[INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION → way new manufacturing machines changed
people's way of life]
→ change society RADICALLY, but GRADUAL PROCESS [lasts +- a century]
→ 1700s begin > BRITAIN and spreads to Europe & America
→period in the 18th and 19th centuries when Britain was transformed from a
predominantly agricultural nation into the manufacturing workshop of the world
→result of the changes in economic and social organization
→characterized mainly by the replacement of hand tools with power-driven machines and
the concentration of industry in large enterprises
**mass production = hundreds / thousands of the same products are made in a SHORT
PERIOD
[STEAM ENGINE]
→ MOST IMPORTANT INVENTION of the
Industrial Revolution
→ 1712 > Thomas Newcomen
→ steam power = mass production in factories >
provided power for new modes of transport
(trains & steamboats)
SOCIAL CHANGES → INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
W Middle class developed (businessmen, traders, doctors, lawyers, teachers etc.) >
passage of time → workers = organized > better wages & working conditions > earn
better money & children go to school [ living standards]
3© Noted Summaries Grade 8 SS Part 2: History www.notedsummaries.co.za
, CHANGE IN STANDARD OF LIVING:
middle & upper class
low and working class
URBANIZATION & CHANGING LIVING CONDITIONS:
DUE TO URBANIZATION = MIGRATION
URBANISATION Workers move to and from
cities
Z Towns = unpleasant
Z Factory bosses = build small houses >
Move to live near work
close together (rows) [e.g. Manchester +
Birmingham] = TOWNS + CITIES GROW ()
Z Only 1 water pump per street
Z Sewage flows in the streets = POVERTY
Z
Z
Only a few outside toilets
Dirty conditions = spread of diseases
POVERTY
[smallpox + dysentery; 1832 = 31,000 Z People = not happy with standard of living
cholera deaths] > move to cities
Z Chosen to be part of factory system /
farming / mining
Work long, hard (unfair) hours
WORKSHOPS Z
Z LACK OF LEGAL PROTECTION
Z URBAN VULNERABILITY
Z Big buildings = helping poor people who
Z Men + women + children = exploited
have no home / job
Z Factory bosses = being directed
Z Lodging + voiding > people work AROUND
&exploitation
THE WORKHOUSES FOR NO PAYMENT
(lodging + food are their wages)
Z Poor orphans, sick, elderly, disabled &
unwed mothers
MINES AND FACTORIES & CHILD LABOUR [MILLS & MINES]:
Industrial Revolution (beneficial to some):
Z Opportunity
Z Learning new skills
Z Career follows
Z to make money
Workers > long hours for very little pay
Mines + factories = dirty, unhealthy & dangerous [despite this people migrate to
industrialized towns + cities for work]
Steam engine = coal industry impact
MINES Z
Z Coal Mining = Britain > OLDEST INDUSTRIES
4© Noted Summaries Grade 8 SS Part 2: History www.notedsummaries.co.za
