Kaplan and Sadock's Chapter 03 questions with correct answers

3.1. The drift hypothesis states that A. one'sexperienceasamemberofaparticularclassleads to the development of individual differences in coping capacity B. womenaredisadvantagedrelativetomenbecausetheir adult roles expose them to chronic stress C. a mental illness results in a decline in one's social clan D. differential exposure to stress explains group differences in mental illness E. ethnic minorities and immigrants appear to have more effective coping skills over nonminorities Answer C. a mental illness results in a decline in one's social clan 3.2. A young woman presents with a history of agoraphobia since adolescence. Her agoraphobia progressed over the subsequent decade until she was essentially housebound. She could only leave home accompanied by her mother or husband and, even in that circumstance, with considerable anxiety. Leaving home alone had, in the past, often precipitated a panic attack. She had been treated with various medications and with psychotherapy without significant improvement. She was admitted to a clinical research center as part of a study examining the use of social reinforcement in various phobic conditions. A therapist with whom she had developed a good relationship delivered reinforcement in the form of praise contingent on progress. In the baseline period, the patient was encouraged to walk as far away from the clinical research unit as she could. Reinforcement for staying outside the unit resulted in only a small increase in distance walked away from the unit. In the next phase, praise for progress was given on a shaping schedule. For example, if the patient had been reinforced at a criterion of 100-yards distance on one trial and walked 150 yards on the next trial, the criterion would become 125 yards. She would be praised on the next trial only if she walked 125 yards or more. In this phase, the distance walked began to increase.Whenreinforcementwasstopped,distancewalked increased dramatically and then decreased. Finally, when reinforcement was re