PYC3704 MAY/JUNE EXAM ANSWERS

PYC3704 MAY/JUNE EXAM ANSWERS QUESTIONS ASKED: On what level of measurement is a person’s nationality (e.g., South African, Mexican, and Spanish)? a. Nominal b. Interval Measure c. Rank Order Question 2 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text Which one of the following alternative hypotheses would require a one-tailed test of significance? a. The mean anxiety score for boys differs from the mean score for girls. b. There is a significant correlation between English test marks and Mathematics marks for a mixed group of boys and girls. c. The mean verbal ability score for boys is lower than the mean verbal ability score for girls. Question 3 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text We can never know for sure whether a Type I error has been made. Indicate whether the statement is either TRUE OR FALSE. a. True, because the ‘true’ values of population parameters are unknown. b. True, because probability values are based on statistical tables, which are based on calculations that have their own errors affecting their reliability. c. Not true, because Type I error is always made but ignored because it is not significant. Question 4 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text You perform research to test the statistical hypothesis that H0: μ = 60 and H1: μ > 60. The mean obtained for the sample is x = 50. What is the CORRECT conclusion? a. Reject the alternative hypothesis. b. Perform another study to confirm the finding. c. A type I error is present. Question 5 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text Which error will we never know if it has been committed? a. Type I error b. Type II error c. Both a Type I and a Type II error Question 1: On what level of measurement is a person's nationality? a. Nominal Question 2: Which one of the following alternative hypotheses would require a one-tailed test of significance? c. The mean verbal ability score for boys is lower than the mean verbal ability score for girls. Question 3: We can never know for sure whether a Type I error has been made. Indicate whether the statement is either TRUE OR FALSE. b. True, because probability values are based on statistical tables, which are based on calculations that have their own errors affecting their reliability. Question 4: You perform research to test the statistical hypothesis that H0: μ = 60 and H1: μ > 60. The mean obtained for the sample is x = 50. What is the CORRECT conclusion? a. Reject the alternative hypothesis. Question 5: Which error will we never know if it has been committed? a. Type I error The Pearson’s r value - - - - -. a. is always a positive value b. ranges between -1 and +1 c. is infinite Question 7 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text What is a frequency table? a. A frequency table is a process in which values are grouped according to the researcher’s notion of its importance. b. A frequency table is a listing of values. c. A frequency table is a systematic listing of the number of scores of each value presented. Question 8 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text You are working with the following statistical hypothesis: H1: µ > 30. What could be the research hypothesis it was derived from? a. Exposure to a specific stimulus leads to a smaller value of the population mean of 30. b. Exposure to a specific stimulus influences the population mean. c. Exposure to a specific stimulus leads to a larger value of the population mean of 30. Question 9 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text Which hypothesis implies that only one tail of the distribution will be considered? a. H1: μ = 100 b. H1: μ ≠ 100 c. H1: μ < 100 Question 10 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text The difference between two means is calculated using the independent samples t-test. What might be your conclusion if your t-value is associated with a p-value of 0.037? The difference will be - - - - - (Select the CORRECT option.) a. The difference will be statistically significant if α = 0.01. b. The difference will be statistically significant if α = 0.01 and insignificant if α = 0.05. c. The difference will be statistically significant if α = 0.05 and insignificant if α = 0.01. Question 6: The Pearson's r value - - - - -. b. ranges between -1 and +1 Question 7: What is a frequency table? c. A frequency table is a systematic listing of the number of scores of each value presented. Question 8: You are working with the following statistical hypothesis: H1: µ > 30. What could be the research hypothesis it was derived from? c. Exposure to a specific stimulus leads to a larger value of the population mean of 30. Question 9: Which hypothesis implies that only one tail of the distribution will be considered? c. H1: μ < 100 Question 10: The difference between two means is calculated using the independent samples t-test. What might be your conclusion if your t-value is associated with a p-value of 0.037? The difference will be - - - - - (Select the CORRECT option.) b. The difference will be statistically significant if α = 0.01 and insignificant if α = 0.05. “Operationalisation” refers to - - - - - -. a. finding a practical operation or procedure to do research b. the process of forming a hypothesis c. the process of finding a practical way of measuring a construct Question 12 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text The level of significance is - - - -. a. a reflection of the risk the research is willing to take in being wrong when rejecting the null hypothesis b. similar to a p-value under H0 c. indicated as a p-value Question 13 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text What is the third quartile of the distribution of the following numbers: 12, 15, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 23, 23, 24, 24, 25, 25, 26, 28, 28, 28, 29, 32? a. 27 b. 20 c. 24 Question 14 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text Mary, a female second-year Bachelor of Arts student, joins an introductory psychology class. She finds that the class has 9 first-year males, 15 first-year females, 8 second-year males and 12 second-year females (including herself). If one student is randomly selected from this class, what is the probability that it will be a first year male AND female student? a. (9/24) x (15/24) b. (17/24) + (15/27) c. (17/24) x (15/27) Question 15 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text Which statement best represents an application of the law of large numbers? If I flip a coin 1000 times it will fall heads up - - - - - 500 times. a. at least b. approximately c. exactly Question 11: "Operationalization" refers to - - - - - -. c. the process of finding a practical way of measuring a construct Question 12: The level of significance is - - - -. a. a reflection of the risk the research is willing to take in being wrong when rejecting the null hypothesis Question 13: What is the third quartile of the distribution of the following numbers: 12, 15, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 23, 23, 24, 24, 25, 25, 26, 28, 28, 28, 29, 32? c. 24 Question 14: Mary, a female second-year Bachelor of Arts student, joins an introductory psychology class. She finds that the class has 9 first-year males, 15 first-year females, 8 second-year males, and 12 second-year females (including herself). If one student is randomly selected from this class, what is the probability that it will be a first-year male AND female student? a. (9/24) x (15/24) Question 15: Which statement best represents an application of the law of large numbers? If I flip a coin 1000 times it will fall heads up - - - - - 500 times. b. approximately 2 / 2 question 16 Jonathan applies a test of innovation to a sample of students who are enrolled on a class in innovative design. Jonathan created the following graph based on the results. The horizontal axis, x, represents the scores on the creativity test. The vertical axis, y, represents frequencies, that is to say, the count of the number of students who achieved a particular score on the test (for the sake of clarity, counts for each score are indicated on top of the bars in the graph). Based on this information, what is the probability for a student to randomly select a score between 6 and 9? a. 0.46 b. 0.27 c. 0.57 Question 17 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text Study the histogram below of the exam marks of a group of students in the same class. Note that the values on the horizontal axis are the upper-class limits. Assume we use this histogram as a basis for making predictions. What is the probability that a student’s score will be between 50 and 60? a. 0.3 b. 0.2 c. 0.5 Question 18 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text A sample of n=100 exam scores representing exam results of psychology students has a mean of 60 with a standard deviation of 10. John has a mark of 80. Which of the following is John’s score if this was transformed into a z-score? a. 4.04 b. 1 c. 2 Question 19 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text A - - - - - sample involves selecting individuals at fixed intervals, whereas - - - - - sampling involves dividing the population into homogenous subgroups and then drawing samples from these subgroups. a. stratified, cluster b. systematic, stratified c. systematic, cluster Question 20 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text The H1 for your study states that μ > 100. What is the H0? a. H0: μ ≠ 100 b. H0: μ = 100 c. H0: μ ≤ 100 Question 16: Based on the information provided, what is the probability for a student to randomly select a score between 6 and 9? c. 0.57 Question 17: Study the histogram below of the exam marks of a group of students in the same class. Note that the values on the horizontal axis are the upper-class limits. Assume we use this histogram as a basis for making predictions. What is the probability that a student's score will be between 50 and 60? a. 0.3 Question 18: A sample of n=100 exam scores representing exam results of psychology students has a mean of 60 with a standard deviation of 10. John has a mark of 80. Which of the following is John's score if this was transformed into a z-score? b. 1 Question 19: A - - - - - sample involves selecting individuals at fixed intervals, whereas - - - - - sampling involves dividing the population into homogenous subgroups and then drawing samples from these subgroups. b. systematic, stratified Question 20: The H1 for your study states that μ > 100. What is the H0? c. H0: μ ≤ 100 An item in a psychological test may be considered a - - - - - -. a. latent variable b. manifest variable c. test construct Question 22 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text The larger the value that a researcher chooses as the level of significance, the greater the probability of - - - - -. a. a Type II error b. not rejecting the null hypothesis c. a Type I error Question 23 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text Jason hypothesises that the viewing of violent video games is associated with aggressive behaviour. What is the independent variable in the hypothesis stated? a. Viewing of video material b. Elements of aggressive behaviour c. Video games Question 24 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text What is s two-tailed test? a. A statistical model that tests a non-directional hypothesis. b. A statistical model that tests a three directional hypothesis c. A statistical model that tests a directional hypothesis Question 25 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text To say that a construct is “latent” is another way of saying it is - - - - - -. a. not directly observable b. abstract c. a concept that forms part of a theory Question 21: An item in a psychological test may be considered a - - - - - -. b. manifest variable Question 22: The larger the value that a researcher chooses as the level of significance, the greater the probability of - - - - -. c. a Type I error Question 23: Jason hypothesizes that the viewing of violent video games is associated with aggressive behavior. What is the independent variable in the hypothesis stated? a. Viewing of video material Question 24: What is a two-tailed test? a. A statistical model that tests a non-directional hypothesis. Question 25: To say that a construct is "latent" is another way of saying it is - - - - - -. a. not directly observable What is the level of measurement of a person’s score on an Intelligence test? a. Interval Measure b. Nominal c. Rank order Question 27 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text Jenny is a human resource consultant. Her line manager asks her to test if the employees in their company (population A) have a more positive attitude towards work than the average worker in South Africa (population B). Jenny decides to use a standardised test which measures work attitude (a high score indicates a positive attitude) with a mean score of 120 for the population in South Africa (population B). Jenny would like to draw a sample from her company. What population will she draw a sample from? a. Two random samples from population A. b. A random sample from population A. c. A random sample from both populations A and B. Question 28 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text Based on data from a random sample of employees in a specific city, a researcher finds that the employees spend, on average, 23 minutes each day commuting to work, with a standard deviation of 8 minutes. Assuming that commuting time is normally distributed, what is the probability that a randomly chosen employee in this city will spend more than 35 minutes commuting to work each day? a. 0.1587 b. 0.0668 c. 0.9332 Question 29 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text What is the level of measurement of an Individual’s place on a waiting list? a. Rank Order b. Interval Measure c. Nominal Question 30 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text A stanine has a mean of - - - - - and a standard deviation of - - - - -. a. 100, 15 b. 5.5, 2 c. 5, 1.96 Question 26: What is the level of measurement of a person's score on an Intelligence test? a. Interval Measure Question 27: Jenny is a human resource consultant. Her line manager asks her to test if the employees in their company (population A) have a more positive attitude towards work than the average worker in South Africa (population B). Jenny decides to use a standardized test which measures work attitude (a high score indicates a positive attitude) with a mean score of 120 for the population in South Africa (population B). Jenny would like to draw a sample from her company. What population will she draw a sample from? b. A random sample from population A. Question 28: Based on data from a random sample of employees in a specific city, a researcher finds that the employees spend, on average, 23 minutes each day commuting to work, with a standard deviation of 8 minutes. Assuming that commuting time is normally distributed, what is the probability that a randomly chosen employee in this city will spend more than 35 minutes commuting to work each day? b. 0.0668 Question 29: What is the level of measurement of an Individual's place on a waiting list? a. Rank Order Question 30: A stanine has a mean of - - - - - and a standard deviation of - - - - -. c. 5, 1.96 The power of a statistical test indicates the - - - - -. a. sensitivity or ‘accuracy’ of the test to determine whether an effect exists b. probability of making a Type I error c. whether a result is of practical importance, even though it may be significant Question 32 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text An educational psychologist is researching numeracy and has drawn a sample of university students enrolled for research methodology. It is known that the population average on a psychometric test of numeracy equals 100. Still, she believes that the average numeracy level of these students will be higher than the population average. Therefore, she sets the significance level at α = 0.05. The hypothesis requires a - - - - - statistical test. a. non-directional b. two-tailed c. directional Question 33 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text Mary, a female second-year Bachelor of Arts student, joins an introductory psychology class. She finds that the class has 9 first-year males, 15 first-year females, 8 second-year males and 12 second-year females (including herself). If one student is randomly selected from this class, what is the probability that it will be a second-year student? a. 1/20 b. 1/44 c. 20/44 Question 34 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text Divan works in a battery centre. He notices that the behaviour of battery sales assistants reflects those of people experiencing high levels of burnout. He is curious to know whether the burnout levels of battery sales assistants are indeed higher than those of other sales assistants working in a battery centre setting. Divan identifies an existing burnout scale that has been standardised for battery sales assistants working in battery centres. For this population, the mean burnout score is 80, with a standard deviation of 12. Which statistical hypothesis is appropriate for the study? a. H0: μ = x; H1: μ > x b. H0: μ = 80; H1: μ < 80 c. H0: μ = 80; H1: μ > 80 Question 35 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text A research psychologist measures stress in a group of participants. Their average score is 2, and the standard deviation is 2. Suppose a participant obtains a score of 2. What is her z-score? a. 1 b. 2 c. 0 Question 31: The power of a statistical test indicates the - - - - -. a. sensitivity or 'accuracy' of the test to determine whether an effect exists Question 32: An educational psychologist is researching numeracy and has drawn a sample of university students enrolled for research methodology. It is known that the population average on a psychometric test of numeracy equals 100. Still, she believes that the average numeracy level of these students will be higher than the population average. Therefore, she sets the significance level at α = 0.05. The hypothesis requires a - - - - - statistical test. c. directional Question 33: Mary, a female second-year Bachelor of Arts student, joins an introductory psychology class. She finds that the class has 9 first-year males, 15 first-year females, 8 second-year males, and 12 second-year females (including herself). If one student is randomly selected from this class, what is the probability that it will be a second-year student? c. 20/44 Question 34: Divan works in a battery center. He notices that the behavior of battery sales assistants reflects those of people experiencing high levels of burnout. He is curious to know whether the burnout levels of battery sales assistants are indeed higher than those of other sales assistants working in a battery center setting. Divan identifies an existing burnout scale that has been standardized for battery sales assistants working in battery centers. For this population, the mean burnout score is 80, with a standard deviation of 12. Which statistical hypothesis is appropriate for the study? c. H0: μ = 80; H1: μ > 80 Question 35: A research psychologist measures stress in a group of participants. Their average score is 2, and the standard deviation is 2. Suppose a participant obtains a score of 2. What is her z-score? c. 0 Kenneth shows a deck of 52 playing cards to Japhta. Kenneth asks Japhta to randomly pick a card from the pack, without showing him what card he took. Kenneth informs that Japhta picked an ace. What is the probability that Kenneth could have guessed correctly simply by chance? a. 1 /27 b. 1/13 c. 1/52 Question 37 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text Which of the values given below is the closest to the probable value of the Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient for the variables X and Y? Variable X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Variable Y 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 a. 1 b. –1.0 c. 3.0 Question 38 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text What type of statistic is the Pearson’s correlation NOT? a. Both a descriptive statistic and test statistic b. An inferential statistic c. Only a test statistic Question 39 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text When applying a statistical test, we - - - - - the null hypothesis if the p-value is - - - - - or equal to the level of significance. a. reject; greater b. accept; smaller c. reject; smaller Question 40 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text Operational definitions of psychological constructs should define constructs - - - - - -. a. through measurement b. in terms of observable behaviour c. in terms of other constructs Question 36: Kenneth shows a deck of 52 playing cards to Japhta. Kenneth asks Japhta to randomly pick a card from the pack, without showing him what card he took. Kenneth informs that Japhta picked an ace. What is the probability that Kenneth could have guessed correctly simply by chance? b. 1/13 Question 37: Which of the values given below is the closest to the probable value of the Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient for the variables X and Y? Variable X: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Variable Y: 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 b. -1.0 Question 38: What type of statistic is the Pearson's correlation NOT? c. Only a test statistic Question 39: When applying a statistical test, we - - - - - the null hypothesis if the p-value is - - - - - or equal to the level of significance. a. reject; greater Question 40: Operational definitions of psychological constructs should define constructs - - - - - -. b. in terms of observable behavior The level of significance - - - - -. a. symbolises the risk a researcher is willing to take of being wrong when rejecting the null hypothesis b. is calculated by the use of Cohen’s d that relates the observed mean difference with the standard deviation c. is a value a researcher can use to determine the probability of finding an effect of a particular size Question 42 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text An educational psychologist is testing the following hypothesis: Individuals who attend workshops on research methodology have a higher level of knowledge about the qualitative and quantitative approaches. To test the hypothesis, the researcher compares the knowledge about the qualitative and quantitative approaches of students who attended the workshop with those who did not attend the workshop. The predetermined level of significance is α= 0.05. Applying the independent samples t-test, the educational psychologist estimates a t-value of 1.71, with an associated p-value of 0.003. Which interpretation is correct? a. Not enough information is given to decide whether or not the null hypothesis should be rejected for any given level of significance. b. Reject the null hypothesis in favour of the alternative hypothesis on a 5% level of significance. Students who attend workshops on research methodology have a different level of knowledge about qualitative and quantitative approaches than those who did not attend . c. Cannot reject the null hypothesis on a 5% level of significance. Students who attend workshops on research methodology do not have different levels of knowledge about the qualitative and quantitative approaches when compared to those who did not attend. Question 43 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text Which of the following statistical tests can never have a test value of -0.5? a. The Pearson correlation coefficient b. The z-statistic c. The chi-square statistic Question 44 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text “The mental age of child number one is eight years”. In this statement, “mental age” is a/an - - - - -, whereas “eight years” is a - - - - -. a. construct; latent instance of that construct b. indicator; numerical value of that indicator c. variable; value of that variable Question 45 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text In a population, there are 450 people of whom 150 do not smoke. What is the probability of randomly selecting a smoker from this population? a. 0.33 b. 0.67 c. 0.5 Question 41: The level of significance - - - - -. a. symbolizes the risk a researcher is willing to take of being wrong when rejecting the null hypothesis Question 42: An educational psychologist is testing the following hypothesis: Individuals who attend workshops on research methodology have a higher level of knowledge about the qualitative and quantitative approaches. To test the hypothesis, the researcher compares the knowledge about the qualitative and quantitative approaches of students who attended the workshop with those who did not attend the workshop. The predetermined level of significance is α= 0.05. Applying the independent samples t-test, the educational psychologist estimates a t-value of 1.71, with an associated p-value of 0.003. Which interpretation is correct? b. Reject the null hypothesis in favour of the alternative hypothesis on a 5% level of significance. Students who attend workshops on research methodology have a different level of knowledge about qualitative and quantitative approaches than those who did not attend. Question 43: Which of the following statistical tests can never have a test value of -0.5? c. The chi-square statistic Question 44: "The mental age of child number one is eight years". In this statement, "mental age" is a/an - - - - -, whereas "eight years" is a - - - - -. a. construct; latent instance of that construct Question 45: In a population, there are 450 people of whom 150 do not smoke. What is the probability of randomly selecting a smoker from this population? b. 0.67 Mary, a female second-year Bachelor of Arts student, joins an introductory psychology class. She finds that the class has 9 first-year males, 15 first-year females, 8 second-year males and 12 second-year females (including herself). If one student is randomly selected from this class, what is the probability that it will be Mary? a. 1/17 b. 1/20 c. 1/44 Question 47 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text In which scatter plot will you be more likely to find the data present in the table below? Line X y 1 1.3 1.3 2 2 2 3 3 4.2 4 4 3 5 5 4 6 5.5 4 a. b. c. Question 48 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text Divan works in a battery centre. He notices that the behaviour of battery sales assistants reflects those of people experiencing high levels of burnout. He is curious to know whether the burnout levels of battery sales assistants are indeed higher than those of other sales assistants working in a battery centre setting. Divan identifies an existing burnout scale that has been standardised for battery sales assistants working in battery centres. For this population, the mean burnout score is 80, with a standard deviation of 12. Data has been collected from 25 battery sales assistants. The sample mean was calculated to be 86 with a standard deviation of 4. Divan would like to determine whether this difference is statistically significant and starts to determine the z-score for the sample mean. Which z-score is CORRECT? a. 1.5 b. 2.5 c. 0.5 Question 49 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text Which of the following formulations is a definition of the central limit theorem? a. For any population with mean µ and standard deviation σ, the distribution of sample means for sample size n will have a mean of µ and a standard deviation of σ/√n and will approach the normal distribution as n increases. b. If any measurement, x, is transformed to a standardised z-score, the distribution of z will get closer to normal as n gets larger, with a mean and a standard deviation that can be determined. c. A sample of a variable, x, will be normally distributed if n is very large and the mean and the standard deviation will approach the population mean and the standard deviation. Question 50 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text To operationalise a construct means to - - - - - -. a. explain the construct to a layperson b. classify the construct c. set up criteria so that the construct can be measured Question 46: Mary, a female second-year Bachelor of Arts student, joins an introductory psychology class. She finds that the class has 9 first-year males, 15 first-year females, 8 second-year males, and 12 second-year females (including herself). If one student is randomly selected from this class, what is the probability that it will be Mary? c. 1/44 Question 47: In which scatter plot will you be more likely to find the data present in the table below? c. Question 48: Divan works in a battery center. He notices that the behavior of battery sales assistants reflects those of people experiencing high levels of burnout. He is curious to know whether the burnout levels of battery sales assistants are indeed higher than those of other sales assistants working in a battery center setting. Divan identifies an existing burnout scale that has been standardized for battery sales assistants working in battery centers. For this population, the mean burnout score is 80, with a standard deviation of 12. Data has been collected from 25 battery sales assistants. The sample mean was calculated to be 86 with a standard deviation of 4. Divan would like to determine whether this difference is statistically significant and starts to determine the z score for the sample mean. Which z-score is CORRECT? b. 2.5 Question 49: Which of the following formulations is a definition of the central limit theorem? a. For any population with mean µ and standard deviation σ, the distribution of sample means for sample size n will have a mean of µ and a standard deviation of σ/√n and will approach the normal distribution as n increases. Question 50: To operationalize a construct means to - - - - - -. c. set up criteria so that the construct can be measured