NURS 209 Practice Questions HESI (PATHO BOOK)fully solved 2023 updated

NURS 209 Practice Questions HESI (PATHO BOOK)fully solved 2023 updatedA decrease in workload, use, pressure, or blood supply appropriately describes: A. physiologic atrophy. B. pathologic atrophy. C. hypertrophy. D. hyperplasia. - correct answer B. pathologic atrophy. Pathologic atrophy is a decrease in cell size due to decreased use. Physiologic atrophy usually occurs early in development; for example, the thymus gland atrophies during childhood. Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size. Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells. The appropriate term for the reversible replacement of one mature cell by another is: A. metaplasia. B. hyperplasia. C. dysplasia. D. atypical hyperplasia. - correct answer A. metaplasia. The term metaplasia refers to one cell type being replaced by another. Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells, not a change in their type. Dysplasia, also referred to as atypical hyperplasia, refers to abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of cells. The ability to increase intracellular calcium concentrations and affect the nervous and hematopoietic systems is a characteristic of: A. carbon monoxide. B. carbon tetrachloride. C. lead. D. mercury. - correct answer C. lead. Lead is able to increase intracellular calcium concentrations and may also become a calcium substitute. It affects the hematopoietic system. It is often found in paint, dirt, and pottery. Carbon tetrachloride, formerly used in dry cleaning, is converted into a highly toxic free radical that damages the liver. Carbon monoxide is an asphyxiate gas that interrupts respiration. Mercury is a heavy metal and can worsen chronic diseases like Alzheimer disease and multiple sclerosis. A patient with a collection of blood that is located between the skull and the dura is diagnosed with a condition referred to as a(n): A. epidural hematoma. B. contusion. C. subdural hematoma. D. abrasion. - correct answer A. epidural hematoma. An epidural hematoma is a collection of blood between the inner surface of the skull and the dura. A subdural hematoma is a collection of blood between the surface of the dura and the brain. A contusion is a bruise or bleeding into the skin and underlying tissue. Abrasion is a scrape caused by removal of the superficial layers of the skin. A tear or rip of the skin with a jagged and irregular edge is described as a(n): A. abrasion. B. incision. C. laceration. D. avulsion. - correct answer C. laceration. Lacerations occur when the tensile strength of the skin is exceeded. An incision is a precise cut with an instrument that leaves regular clean edges. In a laceration, edges are often jagged and irregular. An abrasion results from the removal of the superficial layers of the skin caused by friction between the skin and the injuring object. An avulsion is an injury in which an area of tissue is pulled away, creating a flap. A characteristic of a stab wound includes: A. the injury is deeper than it is long. B. the injury is longer than it is deep.