ETH306W EXAM
PACK 2023
UPDATED REVISION
PACK
,1. WHAT IS INCLUSIVE EDUCATION?
- We accept ordinary learners as well as disabled learners, learners with behavioural
problems and learners with learning difficulties.
- All children, regardless of their differences should have the opportunity to learn with and
from each other and that all need some form of support in learning
- We attempt to change attitudes, behaviour, teaching methods curricula and environments
to meet the needs of all children
- Incl education is broader as it includes the home, the community and other opportunities
for education outside of schools
- It is a dynamic process which is constantly evolving according to local cultures and
contexts and is part of the wider strategy to promote an inclusive society
2. WHAT TYPES OF ADAPTIONS ARE NECESSARY TO REMOVE BARRIERS TO
LEARNING AND TO MAKE IT POSSIBLE FOR ALL LEARNERS TO
PARTICIPATE?
- The classroom and school environment – making changes in the classroom and in the
school building and environment that could make it easier for the learners to come to school
and to learn and also by using assistive aids that may be needed
- The learner – find out how the barriers to learning of the learners in your class affect their
learning – find out from specialists and experts what you can do
- School subjects – make changes to subjects you teach in terms of level and expected
outcomes including the level at which you teach the subject to the learners as well as the
range of subjects
- Teaching strategies –make changes to ur teaching methods to suit the learners needs
- Participation in other school activities – make changes in order to ensure the learner’s
active participation
, - It requires support to accommodate him in order to reach his full academic potential
- Barriers can be present in:
o The learner – when a physical/physiological impairment becomes a disability
o The learning centre – the school
o The system of education
o The broader social, economic and political context (incl the environment)
- Physical and physiological impairments in learners can be id’ed at an early stage and can
be treated by implementing effective methods and processes.
- Barriers on the other hand, can occur at anytime during the learning process if these
learners do not get the necessary support
5. DISCUSS INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC FACTORS THAT CAN CAUSE LEARNERS
TO HAVE LEARNING NEEDS
- Intrinsic factors
o Are usually born with the problem or acquired them later
o These are the learners with physical/physiological impairments
o Are sometimes obvious – blindness and sometimes not so obvious – hard of hearing
o These physical or physiological impairments can occur in different measures – total
loss of hearing or partial loss of hearing
o These impairments may become disabilities if society and the system of education
do not make provision for these learners
- Sensory impairments = one of the person’s senses is affected - visual or aural
- Physical impairments = a person whose external physical appearance or
functioning is affected has a physical impairment.
- Mental or intellectual impairments = refers to persons who are mentally less
capable than the average - they find it more difficult to comprehend and to learn.
- Multiple impairments – Some people have more than 1impairment – they may
, - Genetic factors – these are hereditary factors
-Prenatal, Perinatal and Postnatal brain damage – Some physical and/or
physiological impairments arise in children as a result of brain damage incurred
before, during or after birth.
Personality problems – some learners have specific personality characteristics
that have a negative impact on their achievement at school and give rise to barriers
to their learning.
- Learning problems – when they find it difficult to master learning tasks which
most other learners in the class can manage eg. In maths or languages etc
- Underachievement – the learner does not do as well as one would expect of
someone with his intellectual ability.
- Extrinsic factors
o Are not born with the barriers – because of other factors that affect their ability
to learn such as their environment in which they are growing up or the school that
does not encourage a learning culture
o Some examples are:
Environment – unfavourable socioeconomic circumstances, urban areas
(apartments, little supervision), rural environments (poor school attendance),
prosperous areas (bored, drugs, pressure)
Education – poor teaching (lack of qualifications, unmotivated or lazy),
incomplete participation on the part of learners, inappropriate study material,
inefficient school organisation, crowded classrooms
Language – many learners taught in Eng (not home language), often the
teachers can’t speak proper English either. They perform poorly due to a lack
of understanding
Culture – need to accommodate diff cultures, we learn, think and do things
differently – keep that in mind (religion, language, food, sense of humour)
Job prospects – many learners leave schools but there are no jobs available so
they get depressed and discouraged = underachieve at school
PACK 2023
UPDATED REVISION
PACK
,1. WHAT IS INCLUSIVE EDUCATION?
- We accept ordinary learners as well as disabled learners, learners with behavioural
problems and learners with learning difficulties.
- All children, regardless of their differences should have the opportunity to learn with and
from each other and that all need some form of support in learning
- We attempt to change attitudes, behaviour, teaching methods curricula and environments
to meet the needs of all children
- Incl education is broader as it includes the home, the community and other opportunities
for education outside of schools
- It is a dynamic process which is constantly evolving according to local cultures and
contexts and is part of the wider strategy to promote an inclusive society
2. WHAT TYPES OF ADAPTIONS ARE NECESSARY TO REMOVE BARRIERS TO
LEARNING AND TO MAKE IT POSSIBLE FOR ALL LEARNERS TO
PARTICIPATE?
- The classroom and school environment – making changes in the classroom and in the
school building and environment that could make it easier for the learners to come to school
and to learn and also by using assistive aids that may be needed
- The learner – find out how the barriers to learning of the learners in your class affect their
learning – find out from specialists and experts what you can do
- School subjects – make changes to subjects you teach in terms of level and expected
outcomes including the level at which you teach the subject to the learners as well as the
range of subjects
- Teaching strategies –make changes to ur teaching methods to suit the learners needs
- Participation in other school activities – make changes in order to ensure the learner’s
active participation
, - It requires support to accommodate him in order to reach his full academic potential
- Barriers can be present in:
o The learner – when a physical/physiological impairment becomes a disability
o The learning centre – the school
o The system of education
o The broader social, economic and political context (incl the environment)
- Physical and physiological impairments in learners can be id’ed at an early stage and can
be treated by implementing effective methods and processes.
- Barriers on the other hand, can occur at anytime during the learning process if these
learners do not get the necessary support
5. DISCUSS INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC FACTORS THAT CAN CAUSE LEARNERS
TO HAVE LEARNING NEEDS
- Intrinsic factors
o Are usually born with the problem or acquired them later
o These are the learners with physical/physiological impairments
o Are sometimes obvious – blindness and sometimes not so obvious – hard of hearing
o These physical or physiological impairments can occur in different measures – total
loss of hearing or partial loss of hearing
o These impairments may become disabilities if society and the system of education
do not make provision for these learners
- Sensory impairments = one of the person’s senses is affected - visual or aural
- Physical impairments = a person whose external physical appearance or
functioning is affected has a physical impairment.
- Mental or intellectual impairments = refers to persons who are mentally less
capable than the average - they find it more difficult to comprehend and to learn.
- Multiple impairments – Some people have more than 1impairment – they may
, - Genetic factors – these are hereditary factors
-Prenatal, Perinatal and Postnatal brain damage – Some physical and/or
physiological impairments arise in children as a result of brain damage incurred
before, during or after birth.
Personality problems – some learners have specific personality characteristics
that have a negative impact on their achievement at school and give rise to barriers
to their learning.
- Learning problems – when they find it difficult to master learning tasks which
most other learners in the class can manage eg. In maths or languages etc
- Underachievement – the learner does not do as well as one would expect of
someone with his intellectual ability.
- Extrinsic factors
o Are not born with the barriers – because of other factors that affect their ability
to learn such as their environment in which they are growing up or the school that
does not encourage a learning culture
o Some examples are:
Environment – unfavourable socioeconomic circumstances, urban areas
(apartments, little supervision), rural environments (poor school attendance),
prosperous areas (bored, drugs, pressure)
Education – poor teaching (lack of qualifications, unmotivated or lazy),
incomplete participation on the part of learners, inappropriate study material,
inefficient school organisation, crowded classrooms
Language – many learners taught in Eng (not home language), often the
teachers can’t speak proper English either. They perform poorly due to a lack
of understanding
Culture – need to accommodate diff cultures, we learn, think and do things
differently – keep that in mind (religion, language, food, sense of humour)
Job prospects – many learners leave schools but there are no jobs available so
they get depressed and discouraged = underachieve at school
