CPNRE Exam questions with correct answers

sodium - Answer 135 - 145 mmol/L hypernatremia: lethargy, thirst, disorientation, hallucinations, seizures, coma hyponatremia: N/V, anorexia, seizures, coma, confusion, headache potassium - Answer 3.5 - 5 mmol/L hyperkalemia: from renal failure, muscle weakness/paralysis, nausea, paraesthesias from face, hands, feet, bradycardia hypokalemia: from increased secretion of aldosterone, severe diarrhea, or magnesium deficiency arrhythmias, muscle weakness, cramps calcium - Answer 2.25 - 2.75 mmol/L hypercalcemia: from hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D overdose - confusion, disorientation, decreased memory, weakness, fatigue hypocalcemia: from decreased production of PTH, multiple blood transfusions, decreased intake of calcium - positive trousseau's sign (twitching of hands when BP cuff inflated 10 mmHg above systolic), positive Chvostek's sign (tapping over area below temple, muscle spams of mouth and cheek), tenting, stridor, dysphagia phosphate - Answer 0.97 - 1.45 mmol/L hyperphosphatemia: acute or chronic renal failure, chemotherapy - hypocalcemia, muscle tetany, tingling of mouth and fingertips hypophosphatemia: malnourishment or malabsorption, alcohol withdrawal - CNS depression, confusion, seizures, dysrhythmias, muscle weakness magnesium - Answer 0.65 - 1.06 mmol/L hypermagnesemia: increased intake when renal failure present - lethargy, impaired reflexes, possible respiratory arrest hypomagnesemia: prolonged fasting or starvation, fluid loss - tremors, seizures, tachycardia, hypertension, confusion, disorientation