Made by: daryan van der wath
Chapter 5:
Anxiety, trauma and stressor-related & obsessive compulsive and related disorders
Terms: Fear à immediate, present mood state marked by a flight or fight
repose to threat
Anxiety à mood state characterised by marked negative affect and
bodily symptoms of tension in which a person apprehensively
anticipants future danger or misfortune
Meta worry à worrying about worrying
Panic attack à abrupt intense fear or discomfort accompanied by
physical and cognitive sensations (cued vs uncued)
Stress à negative stressful life demands that is ongoing and
unmanageable
Phobia à specific intense fear
What are the biological contributions or Physiological vulnerabilities?
1. Polygenetic influences (stress changes brain function, in the HPA axis & CRF
neurons
2. Brain circuits and neurotransmitters (lower levels of GABA, noradrenergic &
serotonergic systems)
3. Limbic system (Behavioural inhibition system & fight or flight system
4. Genetics (inherited tendency towards anxiety)
What are the Psychological contributions ?
1. Psychodynamic (Freud, anxiety is a reaction to danger, GAD – inadequate
defense mechanisms)
2. Behaviorists (classical & operant conditioning, modelling, evolutionary
response, direct association & vicarious learning)
3. Humanistic (conditional positive regard)
4. Cognitive (Social phobia – negative beliefs & cognitive biases, GAD – cognitions
related to threat, Panic disorder – cognitions related to physical sensations &
catastrophic thinking, OCD – rigid moralist thinking)
5. Personality and temperament (negative affectivity and threat-based styles of
emotion)
What are the Social contributions ?
1. Psychosocial stressors
2. Socio-cultural perspectives
3. Biological vulnerabilities triggered by stressful life events
The integrated model - 3 vulnerabilities
1. Generalised biological vulnerability
2. Generalised psychological vulnerability
3. Specific psychological vulnerability
Not for resale or distribution 1
, Made by: daryan van der wath
Types of anxiety disorders
1. Generalised anxiety disorder
2. Panic disorder and agoraphobia
3. Specific Phobia
4. Separation anxiety disorder
5. Social anxiety disorder (social phobia)
6. Selective mutism
Generalised anxiety disorder:
Anxiety disorder characterised by intense, uncontrollable,
unfocused, chronic and continuous worry that is distressing
and unproductive, acomppained by physical symptoms of
tenseness, irritabilty and restlessness
Causes: Inheited tendency to become anxious
Sense of uncontrolability of adverse events
Significant stress
Less reponsive to stressors “autonomic restrictors”
Sensitive to sources of threat
Intense cogonitive processing – frontal lobes, left hemisphere
Management: Pharmacological & Psychological
Panic disorder & agoraphobia:
Recurrent unexpected panic attacks accompanied by
concern about future attacks and/or a lifestyle change to
avoid future attacks
Anxiety disorder characterised by anxiety about being in
place or situation from which escape might be difficult in the event of panic
symptoms or other unpleasant physical sensations
Subtypes of Panic attacks: Cued – situationally bound
Uncued – unexpected
Situationally predisposed
Somatic symptoms are emphasized more than emotional symptoms
Nocturnal Panic à caused my deep relaxation in delta wave sleep
Causes: generalised biological vulnerability (emergency alarm reaction
to stress)
Cues get associated with situations (conditioning and learning
process à learned alarms)
Generalised psychological vulnerability (believe that bodily
sensations = dangerous)
Increased perception of bodily sensations
Not for resale or distribution 2
Chapter 5:
Anxiety, trauma and stressor-related & obsessive compulsive and related disorders
Terms: Fear à immediate, present mood state marked by a flight or fight
repose to threat
Anxiety à mood state characterised by marked negative affect and
bodily symptoms of tension in which a person apprehensively
anticipants future danger or misfortune
Meta worry à worrying about worrying
Panic attack à abrupt intense fear or discomfort accompanied by
physical and cognitive sensations (cued vs uncued)
Stress à negative stressful life demands that is ongoing and
unmanageable
Phobia à specific intense fear
What are the biological contributions or Physiological vulnerabilities?
1. Polygenetic influences (stress changes brain function, in the HPA axis & CRF
neurons
2. Brain circuits and neurotransmitters (lower levels of GABA, noradrenergic &
serotonergic systems)
3. Limbic system (Behavioural inhibition system & fight or flight system
4. Genetics (inherited tendency towards anxiety)
What are the Psychological contributions ?
1. Psychodynamic (Freud, anxiety is a reaction to danger, GAD – inadequate
defense mechanisms)
2. Behaviorists (classical & operant conditioning, modelling, evolutionary
response, direct association & vicarious learning)
3. Humanistic (conditional positive regard)
4. Cognitive (Social phobia – negative beliefs & cognitive biases, GAD – cognitions
related to threat, Panic disorder – cognitions related to physical sensations &
catastrophic thinking, OCD – rigid moralist thinking)
5. Personality and temperament (negative affectivity and threat-based styles of
emotion)
What are the Social contributions ?
1. Psychosocial stressors
2. Socio-cultural perspectives
3. Biological vulnerabilities triggered by stressful life events
The integrated model - 3 vulnerabilities
1. Generalised biological vulnerability
2. Generalised psychological vulnerability
3. Specific psychological vulnerability
Not for resale or distribution 1
, Made by: daryan van der wath
Types of anxiety disorders
1. Generalised anxiety disorder
2. Panic disorder and agoraphobia
3. Specific Phobia
4. Separation anxiety disorder
5. Social anxiety disorder (social phobia)
6. Selective mutism
Generalised anxiety disorder:
Anxiety disorder characterised by intense, uncontrollable,
unfocused, chronic and continuous worry that is distressing
and unproductive, acomppained by physical symptoms of
tenseness, irritabilty and restlessness
Causes: Inheited tendency to become anxious
Sense of uncontrolability of adverse events
Significant stress
Less reponsive to stressors “autonomic restrictors”
Sensitive to sources of threat
Intense cogonitive processing – frontal lobes, left hemisphere
Management: Pharmacological & Psychological
Panic disorder & agoraphobia:
Recurrent unexpected panic attacks accompanied by
concern about future attacks and/or a lifestyle change to
avoid future attacks
Anxiety disorder characterised by anxiety about being in
place or situation from which escape might be difficult in the event of panic
symptoms or other unpleasant physical sensations
Subtypes of Panic attacks: Cued – situationally bound
Uncued – unexpected
Situationally predisposed
Somatic symptoms are emphasized more than emotional symptoms
Nocturnal Panic à caused my deep relaxation in delta wave sleep
Causes: generalised biological vulnerability (emergency alarm reaction
to stress)
Cues get associated with situations (conditioning and learning
process à learned alarms)
Generalised psychological vulnerability (believe that bodily
sensations = dangerous)
Increased perception of bodily sensations
Not for resale or distribution 2
