CSET Multiple Subject Subtest 1- History and Social Science World History Set

CSET Multiple Subject Subtest 1- History and Social Science World History Set The Near East - Answer-Comprised the Tigris & Euphrates Valley, the Fertile Crescent, and The Nile Valley. They had the first system of independent states and writing. Architectural achievements are the ziggurat & pyramid. the first codification of law. the first lasting monotheism. The Summarians - Answer-creators of the Mesopotamia civiliztion. Large scale irrigation projects, advanced system of mathematics and the invention of the wheel. Ziggurat - Answer-a rectangular tiered temple or terraced mound erected by the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians and was the center of community life. The Babalonians - Answer-The Hitties, the Assyrians, Chaldeans, and the Phoenicians. Centralized Government and advancements in algebra and geometry. The Code of Hammurabi - Answer-a collection of laws covering crimes, farming, business activities, and marriage and family. Many of the punishments were cruel, but the code was an important step in the development of a justice system The Hittites - Answer- B.C. conquered much of Asia Minor & northern Mesopotamia; a major contribution included the invention of iron smelting, which revolutionized warfare. The Assyrians - Answer-created an empire based on military superiority, conquest, and terrorism (911-550 B.C.) -Military techniques included siege warfare, intimidation, and the use of iron weapons. Created a centralized government, a postal service, an extensive library, and a system of highways. The Chaldeans - Answer-Established the new Babylonian Empire under Nebuchadnezzar (605-538 B.C.)-Conquered Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine Developed astrology, astronomy, advanced government bureaucracy, and architectural achievements such as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. The Persians - Answer--Attempted to unify the entire Near East under one rule (500s B.C.) -Established an international government -Zoroastrianism, an ethical religion based on concepts of good and evil -Failed to conquer the Greeks; Persia was eventually conquered by Alexander the Great (334-331 B.C.) The Phoenicians - Answer--Became the first explorers, traders, and colonizers of the ancient world; their civilization reached its peak in 1000 B.C. -Greatest seafaring civilization in the ancient world -Developed extensive trade networks throughout the Mediterranean and set up distant trade networks and trading colonies such as Tyre and Sidon -Invented the first true alphabet -Dominated the Mediterranean commerce and exported manufactured glass and purple dye (royal purple) The Lydians - Answer--Occupied western Asia Minor (500s B.C.) -Their culture reached its zenith under King Croesus (Golden King) -Were responsible for the first coinage of money The Israelites - Answer--Established the first lasting monotheism -Saul established the first kingdom in Palestine (c. B.C.) -After the death of Solomon (922 B.C.), the Hebrews were divided into two kingdoms (Israel and Judah) -Disunity and conquest resulted in the destruction of Israel (722 B.C.) and Judah (586 B.C.) -The revolt of the Israelites against Rome resulted in the destruction of Jerusalem (A.D. 70) and the forced dispersal of the Jews from Palestine (Jewish Diaspora, c. A.D. 132- 135) The Egyptians - Answer-establishe a civiliztion in the Nile Valley. Egyptian History - Answer-Old Kingdom (massive pyramids) Middle kingdom New kingdom (gets agressive) Egyptian Religion - Answer-They were polytheistic worshiping over 2,000 gods and goddesses. They believed in the afterlife and that they would be judged for their life. They had sacred burials. Ruled by Pharoahs. Hieroglyphics - Answer-an ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds The Nile - Answer-River that provided for the needs of Ancient Egyptians and made their great civilization possible. Agriculture was the bases of the Egyptian Society. Greece - Answer-a republic in southeastern Europe on the southern part of the Balkan peninsula Aegan - Answer-a center for civilizations which flourished in the 2nd and 3rd millenniums BC Minoan Civilization - Answer-An advanced civilization that developed on the island of Crete around 2500 BCE based its prosperity Mycenaean Civilization - Answer-A more militaristic civilization then Minoans, they traded and raided, turning on their Minoan teachers, helping to destroy Crete. Dorians - Answer-conquered the Mycenaeans, illiterate, cause the Dark Age of violence and instability Ionia - Answer-area along the central west coast of Asia Minor colonized by settlers from mainland Greece from about 1000 BC. Ionian Greeks, including Homer, played a central role in the early development of Greek history and literature following the Dark Ages. Birthplace for the Hellenic Civilizations. Athens - Answer-Powerful city in Ancient Greece that was a leader in arts, sciences, philosophy, democracy and architecture. The Age of Pericles(460 BC-429 BC) - Answer-This was the peak of the strength of the cultural and military power of Athens. During this time period there are many philosophers, including Socrates and Plato. This is also the time of the drama and many new advances in science, including Pythagoras, Democritus and Hippocrates. This is also when the Parthenon was built. Sparta - Answer-Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts. Developed a totalitarian and militaristic state dependent on slave labor. Oligarthy - Answer-a government in which power is in the hands of a few people-- especially one in which rule is based upon wealth. The Pelponnesian War - Answer-Athens vs Sparta, Sparta won but both were devastated unable to unite Greed city-states. Greek Individualism - Answer-a catalyst in the collapse of the Greek city-state alliance. Alexandar the Great - Answer-The conqueror who united the peoples of Greece, Egypt, Persia and Indus River Valley into an empire by conquering them. Contributions of the Greeks - Answer-Democracy, Drama, Art, Architecture, Philosophy, Sculpting, Performing Arts, Philosphical Schools, Scientific Method. The Roman Government - Answer-Constituted of a mixed government including consuls, a senate, tribune, assembly of the tribes, ... Roman Society - Answer-Was divided into the patricians (propertied class), plebeians (main body of Roman citizens), and slaves. The Roman Empire - Answer-Roman expansion resulted in a world republic. Emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranian. Ceasar - Answer-Elected consul of rome in 59 bc. Genius with military strategy. Governed as an absolute ruler. Was assassinated in the senate chamber. Augustus - Answer-First emperor of the Roman Empire. Julius Caesar's grand-nephew. Roman Military Strategy - Answer-Divide and conquer, attack one enemy at a time, always ally with the weak power against the strong, then conquer both afterwards. Give conquered people a stake/citizenship in the empire, respect local religions and traditions. Demand loyalty and taxes, rebellion in any form is ruthlessly suppressed The Fall of Rome - Answer-Continuous barbaric invasion. Internal factors included political instability, decreasing farm production, inflation, excessive taxation, and the decline of the military. The rise of Christianity divided the Empire. Roman Contributions - Answer-Roman laws, justice system, court system; language(Latin); Pax Roman a long period of peace that enabled free travel and trade Building Construction, engineering and road construction. architecture, literature, art, sculpture and the humanites. The Rise of Christianity - Answer-Began with the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. It emphasized the Holy Bible as the word of God. Paul the Apostle - Answer-The Christian name for Saul who had been a persecutor of Christians before conversion., Was responsible for the spread of Christian theology & the resulting response from the Roman Empire. St. Augustine - Answer-The first great Christian philosopher. He was a sinner and did not believe but eventually was converted and he wrote CIty of God as well as Confession, he is also responsible for the doctrine of Original Sin Reasons for the Spread of Christianity - Answer-Individual conviction of ones belief, The effeciency and organization of the the early church, Doctrines that stressed equality and immorality. The establishment of the Pope. Constantine - Answer-Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337) Constanople - Answer-a city established as the new eastern capital of the roman empire by the emperor constantine in a.d. 330 that is now called istanbul Byzantine Empire - Answer-Eastern Roman empire after the fall of Rome. Byzantine Empire Success - Answer-Domination of teh commercial trade routes controlled by Constintanople and a monopoly on the silk trade. Excellant use of diplonmacy to avoid invasions. Geographically distant from the tribes who sacked Rome. Codification of Roman Law. A forstress city with excellent defensible borders. Byzantine Empire Decline - Continues...