SCRN Study Guide latest updated (Graded A)

anoxia - Answer- total depletion in the level of O2 although there is adequate blood flow hypoxia - Answer- decrease in O2 levels despite adequate blood flow necrotic pathway - Answer- cell energy failure and rapid cytoskeletal breakdown apoptotic pathway - Answer- programmed cell death primary brain injury - Answer- An injury to the brain and its associated structures that is a direct result of impact to the head. Secondary brain injury - Answer- The "after effects" of the primary injury; includes abnormal processes such as cerebral edema, increased intracranial pressure, cerebral ischemia and hypoxia, and infection; onset is often delayed following the primary brain injury. mass effect - Answer- a phenomenon in which a focal lesion or contusion causes surrounding area of the brain tissue or brain structures to be compressed and injured due to the degree of space that leaking blood, CSF, or edema take up within the restricted skull space saccular aneurysm - Answer- Bulge on side of vessel- accounts for a large majority of cerebral aneurysms fusiform aneurysm - Answer- dilation of the entire circumference of the artery cerebral vasospasm - Answer- when the blood vessels in the brain narrow, thereby reducing blood flow to the brain and subsequent death of brain tissue Anterior Communicating Artery - Answer- connects Right and Left ACA Middle cerebral Artery - Answer- supplies the parietal and temporal lobes Posterior Communicating Artery - Answer- helps connect blood from the anterior and posterior circulation Posterior Cerebral Artery - Answer- supplies the occipital lobe, thalamus, and midbrain Basilar Artery and Vertebral Artery - Answer- supply blood to the brain stem and cerebellum Wernicke's area - Answer- language comprehension (temporal lobe) Broca's area - Answer- speech production (frontal lobe) dysarthria - Answer- slurred speech and generally reflects poor motor control of the muscles associated with speech and language Cranial Nerve I - Answer- Olfactory: Smell Cranial Nerve II - Answer- Optic Nerve: vision Cranial Nerve III - Answer- Oculomotor Nerve Eye movement; pupil constriction Cranial Nerve IV - Answer- Trochlear Nerve; eye movement Cranial Nerve V - Answer- Trigeminal nerve; somatosensory info (touch, pain) from the face and head; muscles for chewing Cranial Nerve VI - Answer- Abducens Nerve: eye movement Cranial Nerve VII - Answer- Facial Nerve: taste (ant. 2/3 of tongue); somatosensory information from ear, controls muscles used in facial expression Cranial Nerve VIII - Answer- Vestibulocochlear nerve: hearing, balance Cranial Nerve IX - Answer- Glossopharyngeal Nerve: taste (post 1/3 on tongue); somatosensory information from tongue, tonsil, pharynx; controls some muscles used in swallowing Cranial Nerve X - Answer- Vagus Nerve: Sensory motor and autonomic functions (glands, digestion, hr) Cranial Nerve XI - Answer- Spinal Accessory Nerve: controls muscles used in head movement Cranial Nerve XII - Answer- Hypoglossal Nerve: controls muscles of the tongue basal ganglia - Answer- coordinating muscle movement limbic system - Answer- A doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex. Parts of the Lymbic System - Answer- 1. hypothalamus 2. amygdala 3. hippocampus hypothalamus - Answer- autonomic nervous system; main center for control of body temp, circadian rhythm and body water osmolality amygdala - Answer- management of stress, rage, and anxiety. center for memory and emotion hippocampus - Answer- memory and learning, short term memory, regulation of corticosteroid production, spatial relations in the environment Diencephalon - Answer- contains thalamus, pituitary gland, and pineal gland pituitary gland - Answer- anterior lobe responsible for producing hormones pineal gland - Answer- produces serotonin, melatonin, and contributes to circadian/sleep-wake cycles cerebellum - Answer- movement and coordination and maintaining position brain stem consists of - Answer- medulla, pons, midbrain Cranial nerves that originate from medulla - Answer- hypoglossal, glossopharyngeal, vagus pons - Answer- acts as a message center between cerebellum and cerebrum cranial nerves that originate from the pons - Answer- abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, trigeminal midbrain - Answer- coordinates eye movement and reflexes associated with hearing and vision cranial nerves originating from the midbrain - Answer- optic, oculomotor, trochlear internal carotid artery - Answer- supplies blood to the anterior portion of the cerebrum ICA stroke symptoms - Answer- aphasia if the L dominant hemisphere is involved, neglect if the R non dominant hemisphere is involved, contralateral homonymous hemianopsia, contralateral motor and sensor loss of the face arm and leg, and conjugate ipsilateral eye deviation (toward the side of the lesion) homonymous hemianopsia - Answer- The loss of the right or left half of the field of vision in both eyes. ipsilateral eye deviation - Answer- same side as injury, eye is not midline central retinal artery occlusion - Answer- usually as a result of ICA atherosclerosis. exhibits sudden, painless, unilateral vision loss. relevant afferent pupillary defect is common Relevant afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) - Answer- when pupils respond differently to light stimuli horner's syndrome - Answer- loss of sympathetic innervation which results in ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis MCA stroke symptoms - Answer- aphasia ( L dominant hemisphere), neglect (R non dominant hemisphere), contralateral motor and sensory loss of face arm and leg (arm weaker than leg), homonymous hemianopsia, conjugate eye deviation toward the side of the lesion, loss of sensation in the arm and face Anosognosia - Answer- A condition in which a person with an illness seems unaware of the existence of his or her illness. ACA stroke symptoms - Answer- contralateral motor and sensory deficits impacting the leg more than the arm, with the face and tongue spared, abulia. if severe, primitive frontal lobe reflexes including grasp and suck may be present, behavior abnormalities, incontinence abulia - Answer- lack of concern PCA stroke - Answer- homonymous hemianopsia, visual agnosia, alexia with or without agraphia, prosopagnosia. bilateral PCA: total blindness, amnesia, weber's syndrome, perinauds syndrome visual agnosia - Answer- inability to recognize objects Alexia - Answer- inability to read Agraphia - Answer- inability to write Prosopagnosia - Answer- inability to recognize faces weber's syndrome - Answer- third nerve palsy and contralateral hemiplegia PCA Stroke bulbar muscle dysfunction - Answer- impairment of cranial nerves 9. 10, 11,12 Perinaud syndrome - Answer- midbrain stroke; impaired up gaze, convergence-retraction nystagmus, primary conjugate downsize PCA stroke wallenberg syndrome - Answer- Lateral medullary syndrome/ posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome: nausea and vomiting cerebellar signs (ataxia, vertigo) dysphagia dysarthria horizontal nystagmus ipsilateral horner's syndrome loss of pain and temperature on contralateral side AICA (lateral pontine syndrome) - Answer- vertigo vomiting nystagmus falling towards the side of the lesion ipsilateral loss of sensation to the face ipsilateral facial paralysis ipsilateral hearing loss nystagmus - Answer- involuntary movement of the eye vertebrobasilar artery syndrome - Answer- loss of perfusion to the cerebellum, brain stem, pons, thalamus and occipital lobe. can also cause coma, quadriparesis, ataxia, dysarthria, CN dysfunction, visual deficits and locked in syndrome locked in syndrome - Answer- Individual is aware and capable of thinking but is paralyzed and cannot communicate small vessel stroke - Answer- lacunar stroke- <15 mm infarct resulting from occlusion of the smaller penetrating arteries branching from the large vessels Cerebral amyloid angiopathy - Answer- when proteins (amyloid) build up in the walls of the arteries of the brain lacunar stroke of internal capsule, basal ganglia, thalamus or cerebral peduncle - Answer- dysarthria or clumsy hand/hand weakness lacunar stroke of thalamus, internal capsule or midbrain - Answer- pure sensory stroke, decreased sensation, numbness, tingling, or burning on one side of the body watershed stroke - Answer- small infarcts occurring between major arterial territories in the brain