PATH_370 Questions With Answers.

PATH_370 Questions With Answers. Know all vocabulary and definitions from this chapter Acute​: short-lived; may have severe manifestation Chronic​- may last months to years, sometimes following an acute course Clinical manifestations​- symptoms, signs, syndrome, latent period, prodromal period, subclinical stage, acute clinical course, chronic clinical course, exacerbation, remission, convalescence, sequelae Diagnosis​- the designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem Endemic​- native to a local region Epidemic​- spread to many people at the same time Epidemiology​- study of the patterns of disease involving populations Etiology​- study of causes/reasons for phenomena Exacerbation​- increase in severity, signs, or symptoms Iatrogenic​- cause results from unintended or unwanted medical treatment Idiopathic​- cause is unknown Incidence​- reflects the number of new cases arising in a population at risk during a specified time Incubation period​- the phase during which the pathogen begins active replication without producing recognizable symptoms in the host. The duration is influence by additional factors, including the general health of the host, the portal of entry, and the infectious dose Insidious​- coming on gradually and subtle development Latent period​- time between exposure of tissue to injurious agent and first appearance of signs and/or symptoms Morbidity​- describes the effects an illness has on a person’s life. Not only concerned with the occurrence or incidence, but with persistence and the long term consequences Mortality​- death rates for a specific population. Also described in terms of the leading causes of death according to age, sex, race, and ethnicity Multifactorial​- multiple alleles at different loci affect the outcome Occurrence​- frequency of a disease without defining incidence or prevalence Pandemic​- spread to large geographic areas Pathogenesis​- development or evolution of disease, from initial stimulus to ultimate expression of manifestations of disease Pathology​- focuses on the changes in body tissues and organs that cause or are caused by disease Pathophysiology​- the functional changes associated with or resulting from disease or injury Physiology​- the science of the functioning of the living organism and its parts and processes Prevalence​- the number of cases of a specific disease present in a given population at a certain time Prodromal period​- time during which first signs and/or symptoms appear or onset of disease occurs Prognosis​- the probable outcome and prospect of recovery from a disease Remission​- decrease in severity, signs, or symptoms; may indicate disease is cured Risk factor​- a factor that when present increases the likelihood of disease Sensitivity​- probability that a test will be positive when applied to a person with a particular condition Sequelae​- subsequent pathologic condition resulting from an acute illness Signs-​objective or observed manifestation of disease Specificity​- probability that a test will be negative when applied to a person without a particular condition Subclinical stage​- patient functions normally; disease processes are well established Symptoms-​subjective feeling of abnormality in the body Syndrome​- a set of signs and symptoms not yet determined to delineate a disease CHAPTER 2: HOMEOSTASIS AND ADAPTIVE RESPONSES TO STRESSORS - 3 stages of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome ​ Alarm reaction: fight-or-flight response due to stressful stimulus. It provides a surge of energy and physical alterations to either evade or confront danger. +allostatic state: refers to the activity of various systems in attempting to restore homeostasis Stage of resistance: the activity of the nervous and endocrine systems in returning the body to homeostasis. To survive the body must move past alarm and into this supportive stage of the allostatic return of homeostasis. As the body moves into the stage of resistance, the SNS and the adrenal medulla and cortex are functioning at full force to mobilize resources to manage stressors. Stage of exhaustion: point where body can no longer return to homeostasis. +Selye’s postulated that when energy resources are completely depleted, death occurs bc the organism is no longer able to adapt. +Allostatic overload: cost of body’s organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively regulated allostatic response - role of hypothalamus and function of corticotropin releasing hormone ​ Hypothalamus: responsible for the production of many of the body’s essential hormones, chemical substances that help control different cells and organs. The hormones released are for temperature regulation, thirst, hunger, sleep, mood, sex drive, and the release of other hormones within the body. (catecholamines, norepinephrine & epinephrine released here) Corticotropin releasing hormone: (CRH) stimulates the release of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary gland. Normally released by the mother and embryo soon after embryo implants the uterus. Protects it from immunologic rejection by the mother (miscarriage) - role of anterior pituitary and function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) ​ Anterior pituitary: regulates stress, growth, reproduction, and lactation. Its regulatory functions are achieved through the secretion of peptide hormones that act on target organs including adrenal gland, liver, bone, thyroid gland, and gonads Adrenocorticotropic hormone: (ACTH) stimulates the production and release of cortisol from the cortex to the adrenal gland. CRH from the hypothalamus acts on the pituitary which secretes ACTH - role of posterior pituitary and function of antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin (ADH) Posterior pituitary: stores and secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone Antidiuretic hormone: (ADH) acts on the collecting ducts of the kidney to facilitate the reabsorption of water into the blood and to constrict blood vessels - Role of adrenal glands and functions of: ( catecholamines- epinephrine/norepinephrine, corticosteroids- cortisol/aldosterone) adrenal glands: produce hormones that help the body control blood sugar, burn protein and fat, react to stressors, and regulate blood pressure (cortisol and aldosterone) Catecholamines: enable the body to rapidly take action to fight or flee the stressor; through the sympathetic adrenal medullary system. Which releases norepinephrine and epinephrine. Catecholamines: ● Aide in elevation of cardiac output ● Vasomotor (constriction of blood vessels) changes ● Lipolysis (breakdown of fats and other lipids) ● Glycogenolysis ● Insulin suppression ● Increased respiration ● Enhanced blood coagulation Corticosteroids: they have regulatory roles in the cardiovascular system and in maintaining fluid volume, and contribute to metabolism, immunity, and inflammatory responses, brain function, and even reproduction. They are lipid-soluble hormones. ● Primary is cortisol/ aldosterone: secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to ACTH from the anterior pituitary; which is in turn affected by the release of CRH. ○ Gluconeogenisis ○ Protein catabolism ○ Inhibition of glucose uptake ○ Suppression of protein synthesis ○ Stabilization of vascular reactivity ○ Immune response suppression ( cortisol is the primary glucocorticoid. Aldosterone is the primary mineral corticoid.) - ​functions of endorphins/enkephalins