BTEC Unit 10: LEARNING AIM B , Biological molecules and Metabolic pathways. Factors affecting the heart rate. Exploring factors affecting respiratory Pathways.

BTEC Unit 10: LEARNING AIM B , Biological molecules and Metabolic pathways. Factors affecting the heart rate. Exploring factors affecting respiratory Pathways. Content page The stages of respiration..............................................................................................................................2 Glycolysis..................................................................................................................................................... 3 The link Reaction.........................................................................................................................................7 The Krebs Cycle............................................................................................................................................8 Oxidative phosphorylation...........................................................................................................................9 Anaerobic Respiration................................................................................................................................10 Ethanol production....................................................................................................................................11 Fermentation of lactate.............................................................................................................................11 Investigation.............................................................................................................................................. 12 Equipment List:..........................................................................................................................................12 Risk assessment.........................................................................................................................................13 Method...................................................................................................................................................... 13 Observation record....................................................................................................................................14 Results and Graphs....................................................................................................................................15 Primary data..............................................................................................................................................15 Secondary data..........................................................................................................................................18 Analysis- Primary data...............................................................................................................................20 Analysis- Secondary data...........................................................................................................................22 Conclusion................................................................................................................................................. 23 Comparison............................................................................................................................................... 24 Evaluation.................................................................................................................................................. 25 Asthma....................................................................................................................................................... 25 Cocaine...................................................................................................................................................... 26 Smoking..................................................................................................................................................... 26 Tar.............................................................................................................................................................. 27 References................................................................................................................................................. 28 2 lOMoARcPSD| The stages of respiration Respiration is a type of metabolism which means it is one of the thousands of chemical reactions that are taking place in our body. For respiration, the word equation is glucose + oxygen = CO2 + water. The balance equation for respiration is C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O. There are two types of reaction, one is catabolic reaction in which the molecules get broken down and other is anabolic reaction which produces the molecule. ATP means adenosine triphosphate that consists of adenine, ribose and three phosphorous. ATP is a universal energy source that store energy. When ATP is hydrolysed, the water (H20) molecule breaks down three phosphates into two phosphates. Glycolysis A four process that converts glucose into pyruvate (3 carbon compound). To oxidise glucose and create ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is used as energy, as well as intermediates that can be used in other metabolic routes, all cells use the basic metabolic pathway known as glycolysis. One 6 carbon glucose molecule undergoes glycolysis in the cytoplasm, where it is oxidised to produce two 3 carbon pyruvate molecules. The destiny of pyruvate is determined by the presence or absence of mitochondria and oxygen in the cells. Glycolysis starts with one glucose molecule and ends with two pyruvate (pyruvic acid) molecules, four total ATP molecules, and two NADH molecules. Adenosine diphosphate and glucose are two examples of chemical compounds that can be phosphorylated in a biological process (ADP (adenosine diphosphate)). Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a particularly significant chemical that is needed to generate energy to carry out metabolism in our bodies, including nerve impulse propagation and muscular contraction, is created in the latter case by the addition of a phosphate group to ADP. Stage 1= Phosphorylation An enzyme called hexokinase phosphorylates, or adds a phosphate group to, glucose in a cell's cytoplasm. ATP provides a phosphate group to glucose during the process, creating glucose 6- phosphate, or G6P. This stage involves the consumption of one ATP molecule. G6P and its isomer fructose 6-phosphate, or F6P, are isomerized