EDT1601 Study Notes (Paragraph-type)
Chapter 4
PARENTING STYLES
Authoritarian – fixed/inflexible right + wrong
Blind + Total obedience
Dictatorial + controlling
Rarely allow discussion
Punish/threaten
Results –
Moody, inhibited
Less creative, self-reliant and mature
Shy, lacking self-confidence and negative attitude to parents
Rebellious
Permissive – tolerant, non-controlling/threatening
Overprotective or uninvolved
Rarely make demands and set few limits
Don’t question adolescent’s decisions/desires/behaviour
Allow adolescents to make own decisions
Results –
Feel vulnerable
Not mature to use freedom
Uncertainty and unable to make decisions
Selfish and lack of social responsibility
Exhibit socially unacceptable behaviour eg. Drugs
Reproach parents
Happier than authoritarian children
Authoritative –
Clear limits + rules
Discuss rules, views+ encourage communication
Help adolescents understand reasoning behind acceptable/non behaviour
Sensitive and understanding to needs/emotions
Demanding + nurturing
Good behaviour is demonstrated through example + discussion
Results –
Confident, responsible and independent
State views confidently because they are sure of respect from parents
Positive opinions of parents and their relationships
,Independence
3 objectives pursued:
Behavioural autonomy - own decisions
Emotional autonomy – self reliant + responsible
Moral/value autnomy – own value system
Conflict between adolescents and their parents
Generally positive relationship. View fathers as wise/reliable and mothers as
understanding/sympathetic. Conflict typically over trivial matters.
Causes of conflict/stress:
Biological changes
Emergence of adult sexuality
Need for independence
Search for identity
Parents own midlife crisis
Parents fight for control
Transformation of family interaction
RELATIONSHIPS WITH SIBLINGS
Not usually always good/bad. Main source of conflict is rivalry between same gender
close in age. First borns typically authoritarian. Children with an elder brother are usually
more aggressive. An elder sister is usually nurturing.
Causes of conflict betweens siblings:
Words
Wearing others clothing
Teasing
Invasion of privacy
Possessions
Parent’s pet
Duties/chores
Embarrassment in front of friends
Name-calling
Conflict over privileges
RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER RELATIVES
Grandparents provide a link between past and present and can be a source of advice when
children are in conflict with parents. A positive relationships will impact how adolescents
view the elderly. Grandparents can have a negative impact if they get too involved or
interfere with parents or take the side of the adolescent.
, RELATIONSHIPS WITH EDUCATORS + OTHER ADULTS
An educator can be an excellent role model and have a significant impact on a child’s life
if the relationship is personal and communication deep. However, this relationship must
be handled carefully because admiration of a teacher can lead to a crush. In addition,
adolescents are very effective at undermining the authority of a teacher or being highly
critical.
RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE PEER GROUP
Functions of the peer group:
Emancipation. The peer group provides a bridge to gain independence for their
parents, a stage where they must stand on their own two feet and a safe base to
grow away from home.
Search for individual identity. Adolescents must loosen ties with parents and
prove themselves as individuals by demonstrating their abilities. They attain self-
knowledge, insight and self-evaluation in the group.
Social acceptability and support. Practice social skills, form close friendships and
communicate with members of the opposite sex. The group’s acceptance is often
in stark contrast with their parents’ criticism.
The peer group as a reference + experimentation base. Adolescents try new things
and see group’s feedback. Can also assess their values against their peers.
Competition. Find out what they are capable of in comparison with others
Social mobility. Interaction with those from all different walks of life and become
acquainted through church/sport etc.
Recreation. Almost all of their leisure time spent with peers.
Conformity. The search for acceptance leads to conformity. This can be positive if
the peer group represents good values, but can also be very negative. In
dysfunctional families, children are more likely to crave acceptance and
conformity in the wake of the vacuum left by their parents.
FRIENDS
Adolescents spend a lot of time with their friends. During early adolescent these
friendships are quite superficial, becoming more intense during mid-adolescence. In late
adolescence a teen’s identity has formed so they are less reliant on friends and thus have
a more relaxed relationship.
HETEROSEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS
Initially these relationships are clumsy and childish, characterized by teasing and mock
anger. Later on they focus on being calm and good conversationalists. Romantic
relationships can not just be explained away as ‘puppy love’ and can have big effects
emotionally and in the risk of teenage pregnancy and STDs.
Chapter 4
PARENTING STYLES
Authoritarian – fixed/inflexible right + wrong
Blind + Total obedience
Dictatorial + controlling
Rarely allow discussion
Punish/threaten
Results –
Moody, inhibited
Less creative, self-reliant and mature
Shy, lacking self-confidence and negative attitude to parents
Rebellious
Permissive – tolerant, non-controlling/threatening
Overprotective or uninvolved
Rarely make demands and set few limits
Don’t question adolescent’s decisions/desires/behaviour
Allow adolescents to make own decisions
Results –
Feel vulnerable
Not mature to use freedom
Uncertainty and unable to make decisions
Selfish and lack of social responsibility
Exhibit socially unacceptable behaviour eg. Drugs
Reproach parents
Happier than authoritarian children
Authoritative –
Clear limits + rules
Discuss rules, views+ encourage communication
Help adolescents understand reasoning behind acceptable/non behaviour
Sensitive and understanding to needs/emotions
Demanding + nurturing
Good behaviour is demonstrated through example + discussion
Results –
Confident, responsible and independent
State views confidently because they are sure of respect from parents
Positive opinions of parents and their relationships
,Independence
3 objectives pursued:
Behavioural autonomy - own decisions
Emotional autonomy – self reliant + responsible
Moral/value autnomy – own value system
Conflict between adolescents and their parents
Generally positive relationship. View fathers as wise/reliable and mothers as
understanding/sympathetic. Conflict typically over trivial matters.
Causes of conflict/stress:
Biological changes
Emergence of adult sexuality
Need for independence
Search for identity
Parents own midlife crisis
Parents fight for control
Transformation of family interaction
RELATIONSHIPS WITH SIBLINGS
Not usually always good/bad. Main source of conflict is rivalry between same gender
close in age. First borns typically authoritarian. Children with an elder brother are usually
more aggressive. An elder sister is usually nurturing.
Causes of conflict betweens siblings:
Words
Wearing others clothing
Teasing
Invasion of privacy
Possessions
Parent’s pet
Duties/chores
Embarrassment in front of friends
Name-calling
Conflict over privileges
RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER RELATIVES
Grandparents provide a link between past and present and can be a source of advice when
children are in conflict with parents. A positive relationships will impact how adolescents
view the elderly. Grandparents can have a negative impact if they get too involved or
interfere with parents or take the side of the adolescent.
, RELATIONSHIPS WITH EDUCATORS + OTHER ADULTS
An educator can be an excellent role model and have a significant impact on a child’s life
if the relationship is personal and communication deep. However, this relationship must
be handled carefully because admiration of a teacher can lead to a crush. In addition,
adolescents are very effective at undermining the authority of a teacher or being highly
critical.
RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE PEER GROUP
Functions of the peer group:
Emancipation. The peer group provides a bridge to gain independence for their
parents, a stage where they must stand on their own two feet and a safe base to
grow away from home.
Search for individual identity. Adolescents must loosen ties with parents and
prove themselves as individuals by demonstrating their abilities. They attain self-
knowledge, insight and self-evaluation in the group.
Social acceptability and support. Practice social skills, form close friendships and
communicate with members of the opposite sex. The group’s acceptance is often
in stark contrast with their parents’ criticism.
The peer group as a reference + experimentation base. Adolescents try new things
and see group’s feedback. Can also assess their values against their peers.
Competition. Find out what they are capable of in comparison with others
Social mobility. Interaction with those from all different walks of life and become
acquainted through church/sport etc.
Recreation. Almost all of their leisure time spent with peers.
Conformity. The search for acceptance leads to conformity. This can be positive if
the peer group represents good values, but can also be very negative. In
dysfunctional families, children are more likely to crave acceptance and
conformity in the wake of the vacuum left by their parents.
FRIENDS
Adolescents spend a lot of time with their friends. During early adolescent these
friendships are quite superficial, becoming more intense during mid-adolescence. In late
adolescence a teen’s identity has formed so they are less reliant on friends and thus have
a more relaxed relationship.
HETEROSEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS
Initially these relationships are clumsy and childish, characterized by teasing and mock
anger. Later on they focus on being calm and good conversationalists. Romantic
relationships can not just be explained away as ‘puppy love’ and can have big effects
emotionally and in the risk of teenage pregnancy and STDs.
