Chemistry 214 summary of chapter 1-9

Functional Groups
Functional group Structure Notes




:
Formula

Impossible to have 5 bonds. Unstable and
Nitro RNO2
m- V- reactive.




Alkyl halide Reactivity:

1° 1. Alkyl Iodide
2. Alkyl Bromide
3. Alkyl Chloride
4. Alkyl Fluoride
2°




3°

, Functional Groups




-
Functional group Formula Structure Notes

Reactivity:
1. Alkyl Iodide
Aryl halide 2. Alkyl Bromide
↑ 3. Alkyl Chloride
4. Alkyl Fluoride
-




Can be used as a solvent for both polar and non-
Ether polar molecules and is highly flammable.
R -R Unreactive
~




-




Highly reactive.
Alkyne 2Hu
3 H



Relatively reactive.
Alkene Cause
mo

, Functional Groups




.
Functional group Formula Structure Notes

• Extremely unreactive
Alkane • Used as solvents
CH
3



• Reactive



-
Amine

~
RNAz
-ra-i-mate e
• Basic



• Reactive
Alcohol out ofthe • Soluble in water

-




.
Phenol

, Functional Groups
Functional group Structure Notes




I
Formula

⑧ • Highly reactive
Ketone
R R




• Formed by oxidizing alcohols
⑧
Aldehyde R20H • Reactive
R H
~




-




• Reactive but less than aldehydes
Nitrile or cyanides RCN R 2 N



• Proteins are Amides



/
Mimmo
⑧



Amide RONA2 mm" • Reactive
,

, Functional Groups
Functional group Structure Notes




I
Formula

• Used to make esters and amides.
Acid halide R20X
⑧
• Derivatives of carboxylic acids
R X • Too reactive to be found in nature

• Reactive
⑧
Ester RCOOR
R
RO
~




-




⑧
• Reactive
Carboxylic acid R200H • Acidic
R OH


• Stable under basic conditions and
Acetal R (COR)2 RO OR
unstable under acidic conditions
R R • Lack of reactivity