NURS 01142 Chapter 11 |complete latest solution guide.

Chapter 9  The transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life begins with the birth of the newborn.  The initiation of respirations is the first important step in neonatal transition  Inhalation of the amniotic fluid into the lungs helps o promote growth and differentiation of the lung tissue  Intrapulmonary Fluid, Fetal Breathing Movements, and Surfactant o Lung expansion after birth stimulates the release of surfactant, a slippery detergentlike phospholipid that includes lecithin and sphingomyelin. o Surfactant causes a decreased surface tension within the alveoli, which prevents alveolar collapse and allows for alveolar re-expansion and gas exchange. o Chemical factors that initiate respirations are hypercarbia, acidosis, and hypoxia o These conditions, brought about by the stress of labor and birth, stimulate the respiratory center in the brain to initiate breathing. o Hypoxia causes blood oxygen levels and pH to drop. o The drastic change in temperature helps stimulate the initiation of respirations  Normal range: 97.7-98.6 o To prevent cold stress and respiratory depression, the nurse immediately dries the infant and either places the infant skin-to-skin with the mother/partner or in a radiant warmer. o Primary mechanical factors involved in the initiation of respirations include removing fluid from the lungs and replacing it with air. o The fetal chest compression thoracic squeeze that occurs during a vaginal birth increases intrathoracic pressure and helps to push fluid out of the lungs. o RECOIL OF THE CHEST WALL AFTER THE BIRTH OF THE NEWBORN’S TRUNK CREATES A NEGATIVE INTRATHORACIC PRESSURE o This facilitates a small, passive inspiration of air, which replaces the fluid that has been squeezed out.