Unit 4B: Making Nail Vanish Remover

Unit 4B: Making Nail Vanish Remover Introduction In the manufacture of ethyl ethanoate, there are a few techniques used, one of them being reflux. The principle behind using reflux is that it boils the reactants without losing any product or reactant, especially through vapour or gas. In the reaction there is a round bottom flask containing the reactants and a condenser with a water inlet and output. Due to organic chemicals being inherently unstable, when heated they will evaporate, resulting in the loss of product. While the reactants are heated to a high temperature,chemical reactions take place causing the reactants to evaporate. While this is going on, the cold water is being circulated through the condenser, which causes condensation to then take place Moving onto distillation. This technique is widely used in industry and its purpose is to separate mixtures (liquids) which have different boiling points, for example, crude oil is a liquid that is made up of a mixture of hydrocarbons that have different boiling points, therefore distillation can be used to separate this liquid to get multiple different products in the end. The crude oil would first be vaporised and turned into a gas and then released into a condenser with a double tube. This double tube allows cold water to flow and travel through a surrounding tube. The cold water allows the gas to condensate. Separation of compounds is used to isolate the ethyl ethanoate from other compounds (water/waste), this allows ethyl ethanoate to be isolated from other compounds. An advantage to this is that you can purify ethyl ethanoate if it is being separated as long as all other compounds are removed. When the mixture is being inverted the mixture will separate into two layers one of pure ethyl ethanoate and lOMoARcPSD| another of was aqueous. The waste layer can be poured away and to ensure all aqueous waste is removed, when pouring waste layer away also pour a small amount of ethyl ethanoate away as well as this may decrease percentage yield but will ensure that substance is pure as the waste layer is denser than ethyl ethanoate. Industrial Manufacture and Testing of Ethyl Ethanoate When it comes to the comparison of the manufacture of ethyl ethanoate in a lab and in industry, we can see that there is quite a big difference between the two. There are a few industrial process involved in the manufacture of ethyl ethanoate. Industrial Manufacture of Ethyl Ethanoate One of the processes requires a catalyst which is an acid catalyst being hydrochloric acid, ptoluene sulfonic acid or sulphuric acid. The mixture of the ethanol with acetic acid in presence of acid catalyst will then turn into ethyl ethanoate with about 65% yield at room temperature. This process is the Fischer esterification. This process is conducted at reflux as when the reaction mixture is being heated at its boiling point meaning some evaporation will occur so the use of reflux prevents any compounds from being lost. Some of the other alternate processes are the Tishchenko Reaction and Ethyl acetate synthesizing by dehydrogenation of ethanol. CH3CH2OH + CH3COOH ↔