Samenvatting
Vak: Data-Driven Control
Universiteit: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
Jaar: 2022-2023
Boek: Accounting Information Systems, Global Edition
Druk: 15th edition
Auteurs: Romney, Steinbart, Summers and Wood
1
,Inhoudsopgave
Chapter 1 – Accounting Information Systems: An Overview............................................................................4
1.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................4
1.2 Information Needs and Business Processes....................................................................................................5
1.2.1 Information Needs...................................................................................................................................5
1.2.2 Business Processes...................................................................................................................................5
1.3 Accounting Information Systems....................................................................................................................6
1.3.1 How an AIS can Add Value to an Organization........................................................................................6
1.3.2 An AIS Can Use Artificial Intelligence and Data Analytics to Improve Decision Making..........................6
1.3.3 The AIS and Blockchain............................................................................................................................7
1.3.4 Cloud Computing, Virtualization, and the Internet of Things..................................................................9
1.3.5 The AIS and Corporate Strategy...............................................................................................................9
1.3.6 The role of the AIS in the Value Chain......................................................................................................9
Chapter 2 – Overview of Transaction Processing and Enterprise Resource Planning Systems.........................10
2.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................10
2.2 Transaction Processing: The Data Processing Cycle.....................................................................................10
2.2.1 Data Input...............................................................................................................................................10
2.2.2 Data Storage...........................................................................................................................................10
2.2.3 Data Processing......................................................................................................................................12
2.2.4 Information Output................................................................................................................................12
2.3 Transaction Processing: Blockchain..............................................................................................................12
2.4 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems................................................................................................13
Chapter 4 – Relational Databases................................................................................................................. 14
4.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................14
4.2 Databases and Files......................................................................................................................................14
4.2.1 Using Data Warehouses for Data Analytics............................................................................................14
4.2.2 The Advantages of Database Systems...................................................................................................15
4.2.3 The Importance of Good Data................................................................................................................15
4.3 Database Systems.........................................................................................................................................15
4.3.1 Logical and Physical Views of Data.........................................................................................................15
4.3.2 Schemas..................................................................................................................................................15
4.3.3 The Data Dictionary................................................................................................................................16
4.3.3 DBMS Languages....................................................................................................................................16
4.4 Relational Databases....................................................................................................................................16
4.4.1 Types of Attributes.................................................................................................................................16
4.4.2 Designing a Relational Database for S&S, Inc........................................................................................17
4.4.3 Basic Requirements of a Relational Database........................................................................................17
4.4.4 Two Approaches to Database Design.....................................................................................................18
4.4.5 Creating Relational Database Queries...................................................................................................18
4.4.6 Database Systems and the Future of Accounting..................................................................................18
Chapter 5 – Introduction to Data Analytics in Accounting.............................................................................19
5.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................19
5.2 Ask the Right Questions................................................................................................................................19
5.3 Extract, Transform, and Load Relevant Data................................................................................................20
5.3.1 Extracting Data.......................................................................................................................................20
5.3.2 Transforming Data..................................................................................................................................21
2
, 5.3.3 Loading Data...........................................................................................................................................21
5.4 Apply Appropriate Data Analytic Techniques...............................................................................................22
5.5 Interpret and Share the Results with Stakeholders.......................................................................................22
5.5.1 Interpreting Results................................................................................................................................22
5.5.2 Sharing Results.......................................................................................................................................22
5.6 Additional Data Analytics Considerations.....................................................................................................23
5.6.1 Automation............................................................................................................................................23
5.6.2 Data Analytics is Not Always the Right Tool...........................................................................................23
Chapter 6 – Transforming Data..................................................................................................................... 24
6.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................24
6.1.1 Attributes of High-Quality Data..............................................................................................................24
6.2 Data Structuring............................................................................................................................................24
6.2.1 Aggregate Data.......................................................................................................................................24
6.2.2 Data Joining............................................................................................................................................24
6.2.3 Data Pivoting..........................................................................................................................................24
6.3 Data Standardization....................................................................................................................................24
6.3.1 Data Parsing and Data Concatenation...................................................................................................25
6.3.2 Cryptic Data Values................................................................................................................................25
6.3.3 Misfielded Data Values...........................................................................................................................25
6.3.4 Data Formatting and Data Consistency..................................................................................................25
6.4 Data Cleaning................................................................................................................................................25
6.4.1 Data De-Duplication...............................................................................................................................25
6.4.2 Data Filtering..........................................................................................................................................25
6.4.3 Data Contradiction Errors......................................................................................................................26
6.4.4 Data Threshold Violations......................................................................................................................26
6.4.5 Violated Attribute Dependencies...........................................................................................................26
6.4.6 Data Entry Errors....................................................................................................................................26
6.5 Data Validation.............................................................................................................................................26
6.5.1 Visual Inspection....................................................................................................................................26
6.5.2 Basic Statistical Tests..............................................................................................................................26
6.5.3 Audit a Sample.......................................................................................................................................26
6.5.4 Advanced Testing Techniques................................................................................................................27
Chapter 7 – Data Analysis and Presentation.................................................................................................27
7.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................27
7.2 Data Analysis.................................................................................................................................................27
7.2.1 Descriptive Analytics..............................................................................................................................27
7.2.2 Diagnostic Analytics................................................................................................................................28
7.2.3 Predictive Analytics................................................................................................................................28
7.2.4 Prescriptive Analytics.............................................................................................................................29
7.2.5 Common Problems with Data Analytics.................................................................................................29
7.3 Data Presentation.........................................................................................................................................29
7.3.1 Choosing the Right Visualization............................................................................................................30
7.3.2 Designing High-Quality Visualizations....................................................................................................30
Chapter 18 – General Ledger and Reporting System.....................................................................................32
18.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................32
18.2 General Ledger and Reporting System........................................................................................................33
18.2.1 Process.................................................................................................................................................33
18.2.2 Threats and Controls............................................................................................................................33
3
, 18.3 Update General Ledger...............................................................................................................................33
18.3.1 Process.................................................................................................................................................33
18.3.2 Threats and Controls............................................................................................................................33
18.4 Post Adjusting Entries.................................................................................................................................34
18.4.1 Process.................................................................................................................................................34
18.4.2 Threats and controls............................................................................................................................35
18.5 Prepare financial Statements......................................................................................................................35
18.5.1 Process.................................................................................................................................................35
18.5.2 Threats and Controls............................................................................................................................36
18.6 Produce Managerial Reports......................................................................................................................36
18.6.1 Process.................................................................................................................................................36
18.6.2 Threats and Controls............................................................................................................................36
Chapter 1 – Accounting Information Systems: An Overview
1.1 Introduction
A system = Detailed methods, procedures, and routines that carry out activities, perform a duty, achieve goals
or objectives, or solve problems. A system is composed of smaller subsystems which are designed to achieve
one or more organizational goals. Changes in subsystems cannot be made without considering the effect on the
4
Vak: Data-Driven Control
Universiteit: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
Jaar: 2022-2023
Boek: Accounting Information Systems, Global Edition
Druk: 15th edition
Auteurs: Romney, Steinbart, Summers and Wood
1
,Inhoudsopgave
Chapter 1 – Accounting Information Systems: An Overview............................................................................4
1.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................4
1.2 Information Needs and Business Processes....................................................................................................5
1.2.1 Information Needs...................................................................................................................................5
1.2.2 Business Processes...................................................................................................................................5
1.3 Accounting Information Systems....................................................................................................................6
1.3.1 How an AIS can Add Value to an Organization........................................................................................6
1.3.2 An AIS Can Use Artificial Intelligence and Data Analytics to Improve Decision Making..........................6
1.3.3 The AIS and Blockchain............................................................................................................................7
1.3.4 Cloud Computing, Virtualization, and the Internet of Things..................................................................9
1.3.5 The AIS and Corporate Strategy...............................................................................................................9
1.3.6 The role of the AIS in the Value Chain......................................................................................................9
Chapter 2 – Overview of Transaction Processing and Enterprise Resource Planning Systems.........................10
2.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................10
2.2 Transaction Processing: The Data Processing Cycle.....................................................................................10
2.2.1 Data Input...............................................................................................................................................10
2.2.2 Data Storage...........................................................................................................................................10
2.2.3 Data Processing......................................................................................................................................12
2.2.4 Information Output................................................................................................................................12
2.3 Transaction Processing: Blockchain..............................................................................................................12
2.4 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems................................................................................................13
Chapter 4 – Relational Databases................................................................................................................. 14
4.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................14
4.2 Databases and Files......................................................................................................................................14
4.2.1 Using Data Warehouses for Data Analytics............................................................................................14
4.2.2 The Advantages of Database Systems...................................................................................................15
4.2.3 The Importance of Good Data................................................................................................................15
4.3 Database Systems.........................................................................................................................................15
4.3.1 Logical and Physical Views of Data.........................................................................................................15
4.3.2 Schemas..................................................................................................................................................15
4.3.3 The Data Dictionary................................................................................................................................16
4.3.3 DBMS Languages....................................................................................................................................16
4.4 Relational Databases....................................................................................................................................16
4.4.1 Types of Attributes.................................................................................................................................16
4.4.2 Designing a Relational Database for S&S, Inc........................................................................................17
4.4.3 Basic Requirements of a Relational Database........................................................................................17
4.4.4 Two Approaches to Database Design.....................................................................................................18
4.4.5 Creating Relational Database Queries...................................................................................................18
4.4.6 Database Systems and the Future of Accounting..................................................................................18
Chapter 5 – Introduction to Data Analytics in Accounting.............................................................................19
5.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................19
5.2 Ask the Right Questions................................................................................................................................19
5.3 Extract, Transform, and Load Relevant Data................................................................................................20
5.3.1 Extracting Data.......................................................................................................................................20
5.3.2 Transforming Data..................................................................................................................................21
2
, 5.3.3 Loading Data...........................................................................................................................................21
5.4 Apply Appropriate Data Analytic Techniques...............................................................................................22
5.5 Interpret and Share the Results with Stakeholders.......................................................................................22
5.5.1 Interpreting Results................................................................................................................................22
5.5.2 Sharing Results.......................................................................................................................................22
5.6 Additional Data Analytics Considerations.....................................................................................................23
5.6.1 Automation............................................................................................................................................23
5.6.2 Data Analytics is Not Always the Right Tool...........................................................................................23
Chapter 6 – Transforming Data..................................................................................................................... 24
6.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................24
6.1.1 Attributes of High-Quality Data..............................................................................................................24
6.2 Data Structuring............................................................................................................................................24
6.2.1 Aggregate Data.......................................................................................................................................24
6.2.2 Data Joining............................................................................................................................................24
6.2.3 Data Pivoting..........................................................................................................................................24
6.3 Data Standardization....................................................................................................................................24
6.3.1 Data Parsing and Data Concatenation...................................................................................................25
6.3.2 Cryptic Data Values................................................................................................................................25
6.3.3 Misfielded Data Values...........................................................................................................................25
6.3.4 Data Formatting and Data Consistency..................................................................................................25
6.4 Data Cleaning................................................................................................................................................25
6.4.1 Data De-Duplication...............................................................................................................................25
6.4.2 Data Filtering..........................................................................................................................................25
6.4.3 Data Contradiction Errors......................................................................................................................26
6.4.4 Data Threshold Violations......................................................................................................................26
6.4.5 Violated Attribute Dependencies...........................................................................................................26
6.4.6 Data Entry Errors....................................................................................................................................26
6.5 Data Validation.............................................................................................................................................26
6.5.1 Visual Inspection....................................................................................................................................26
6.5.2 Basic Statistical Tests..............................................................................................................................26
6.5.3 Audit a Sample.......................................................................................................................................26
6.5.4 Advanced Testing Techniques................................................................................................................27
Chapter 7 – Data Analysis and Presentation.................................................................................................27
7.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................27
7.2 Data Analysis.................................................................................................................................................27
7.2.1 Descriptive Analytics..............................................................................................................................27
7.2.2 Diagnostic Analytics................................................................................................................................28
7.2.3 Predictive Analytics................................................................................................................................28
7.2.4 Prescriptive Analytics.............................................................................................................................29
7.2.5 Common Problems with Data Analytics.................................................................................................29
7.3 Data Presentation.........................................................................................................................................29
7.3.1 Choosing the Right Visualization............................................................................................................30
7.3.2 Designing High-Quality Visualizations....................................................................................................30
Chapter 18 – General Ledger and Reporting System.....................................................................................32
18.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................32
18.2 General Ledger and Reporting System........................................................................................................33
18.2.1 Process.................................................................................................................................................33
18.2.2 Threats and Controls............................................................................................................................33
3
, 18.3 Update General Ledger...............................................................................................................................33
18.3.1 Process.................................................................................................................................................33
18.3.2 Threats and Controls............................................................................................................................33
18.4 Post Adjusting Entries.................................................................................................................................34
18.4.1 Process.................................................................................................................................................34
18.4.2 Threats and controls............................................................................................................................35
18.5 Prepare financial Statements......................................................................................................................35
18.5.1 Process.................................................................................................................................................35
18.5.2 Threats and Controls............................................................................................................................36
18.6 Produce Managerial Reports......................................................................................................................36
18.6.1 Process.................................................................................................................................................36
18.6.2 Threats and Controls............................................................................................................................36
Chapter 1 – Accounting Information Systems: An Overview
1.1 Introduction
A system = Detailed methods, procedures, and routines that carry out activities, perform a duty, achieve goals
or objectives, or solve problems. A system is composed of smaller subsystems which are designed to achieve
one or more organizational goals. Changes in subsystems cannot be made without considering the effect on the
4
