Unit 20: Biomedical science
Learning aim B: Understand the principles of haematology and its use in
medical diagnosis
Title: Use of histology and cytology in the medicine
P4
Screening is a method to determine whether someone is at a higher risk of
developing a health problem, so that early treatment or information can be
provided to assist them in making informed decisions. An independent group
called UK National Screening Committee advise the NHS in all 4 UK countries
on which types of screening to offer.
Screening tests offered in pregnancy include: screening for infectious diseases
(HIV, syphilis, hepatitis), screening for Down’s syndrome, Patau's syndrome,
and Edwards’ syndrome. Screening for sickle cell disease, screening to check
the physical development of the baby, and diabetic eye screening.
Screening for new born babies include physical examinations, hearing tests,
and blood spot tests to test for rare conditions.
From age 12, all people with diabetes are offered a diabetic eye test annually.
It is used to test for eye problems caused by diabetes
Cervical screening is offered to all women/people with a cervix aged 25-64 in
order to check the health of the cells in the cervix. Cervical screening is done
using a smear test, a sample of cells is taken from the cervix and screened for
HPV. If no types of HPV are found, no further tests are needed. If types of HPV
are found, the sample is checked for any changes in the cell from the cervix. In
sexually active women under 65, the Pap smear is an important screening test
for cancer detection at an early stage when there are often no symptoms. It's
important to remember that just because a Pap smear is "abnormal" doesn't
guarantee a person has cervical cancer. During the Pap smear, some
organisations also propose HPV (human papillomavirus) screening in certain
populations.
, Breast screening is offered to women aged from 50-70 to detect any/early
signs of breast cancer. Breast screening uses X-rays to look for cancers that are
too small to feel or see.
Bowel cancer screening is offered to anyone aged 60-74. A home test kit is
offered every 2 years. The home test kit is called a faecal immunochemical test
and collects a sample of poo to send to the laboratory. These are checked for
small amounts of blood. Microscopic investigation or chemical tests for
haemoglobin (blood) in the faeces can detect faecal occult blood. People who
pass blood in their stools could have a cancerous growth in their intestines,
which is a sign of colon cancer. The test necessitates the collection of three
stool samples, which are then analysed for blood under a microscope. When
blood is found in a stool sample, it can be due to a variety of noncancerous
causes, including specific medications or foods, gastrointestinal bleeding, or
haemorrhoids.
Men can have their abdominal aortic aneurysms screened the year they turn
65 to detect dangerous swelling in the aorta. It is not offered to women and
people under the age of 65 as the risk is much smaller in these groups.
Everyone who works for/on behalf of the NHS is required by law to protect
your privacy and keep all information about you secure. The NHS Constitution
specifies how your records should be handled in order to preserve your
privacy. There are rules in place to ensure that information is kept confidential.
Only those who need to see them, such as screening technicians, your GP, and
any doctors involved in follow-up testing and treatment, have access to your
screening records. They're also given to the government, which utilises them
to ensure that local screening services are safe and effective. Researchers
looking for ways to improve screening programmes are occasionally given
access to screening records. Moreover, medical workers such as doctors
ensure that they follow the GMC guidelines to maintain the confidentiality of
patients so that trust is maintained throughout their treatment. Doctors also
ensure that confidentiality is only breached when it is necessary, for instance
during referrals to specialists to advance patient care and also when it is in the
best interest of the patient. Informatics is used in biomedical science to store
and secure data in the NHS. The database used by the NHS is SystmOne, a
clinical computer system in the UK used predominantly for healthcare data.
The NHS uses SystmOne for data management to keep patient data safe and
Learning aim B: Understand the principles of haematology and its use in
medical diagnosis
Title: Use of histology and cytology in the medicine
P4
Screening is a method to determine whether someone is at a higher risk of
developing a health problem, so that early treatment or information can be
provided to assist them in making informed decisions. An independent group
called UK National Screening Committee advise the NHS in all 4 UK countries
on which types of screening to offer.
Screening tests offered in pregnancy include: screening for infectious diseases
(HIV, syphilis, hepatitis), screening for Down’s syndrome, Patau's syndrome,
and Edwards’ syndrome. Screening for sickle cell disease, screening to check
the physical development of the baby, and diabetic eye screening.
Screening for new born babies include physical examinations, hearing tests,
and blood spot tests to test for rare conditions.
From age 12, all people with diabetes are offered a diabetic eye test annually.
It is used to test for eye problems caused by diabetes
Cervical screening is offered to all women/people with a cervix aged 25-64 in
order to check the health of the cells in the cervix. Cervical screening is done
using a smear test, a sample of cells is taken from the cervix and screened for
HPV. If no types of HPV are found, no further tests are needed. If types of HPV
are found, the sample is checked for any changes in the cell from the cervix. In
sexually active women under 65, the Pap smear is an important screening test
for cancer detection at an early stage when there are often no symptoms. It's
important to remember that just because a Pap smear is "abnormal" doesn't
guarantee a person has cervical cancer. During the Pap smear, some
organisations also propose HPV (human papillomavirus) screening in certain
populations.
, Breast screening is offered to women aged from 50-70 to detect any/early
signs of breast cancer. Breast screening uses X-rays to look for cancers that are
too small to feel or see.
Bowel cancer screening is offered to anyone aged 60-74. A home test kit is
offered every 2 years. The home test kit is called a faecal immunochemical test
and collects a sample of poo to send to the laboratory. These are checked for
small amounts of blood. Microscopic investigation or chemical tests for
haemoglobin (blood) in the faeces can detect faecal occult blood. People who
pass blood in their stools could have a cancerous growth in their intestines,
which is a sign of colon cancer. The test necessitates the collection of three
stool samples, which are then analysed for blood under a microscope. When
blood is found in a stool sample, it can be due to a variety of noncancerous
causes, including specific medications or foods, gastrointestinal bleeding, or
haemorrhoids.
Men can have their abdominal aortic aneurysms screened the year they turn
65 to detect dangerous swelling in the aorta. It is not offered to women and
people under the age of 65 as the risk is much smaller in these groups.
Everyone who works for/on behalf of the NHS is required by law to protect
your privacy and keep all information about you secure. The NHS Constitution
specifies how your records should be handled in order to preserve your
privacy. There are rules in place to ensure that information is kept confidential.
Only those who need to see them, such as screening technicians, your GP, and
any doctors involved in follow-up testing and treatment, have access to your
screening records. They're also given to the government, which utilises them
to ensure that local screening services are safe and effective. Researchers
looking for ways to improve screening programmes are occasionally given
access to screening records. Moreover, medical workers such as doctors
ensure that they follow the GMC guidelines to maintain the confidentiality of
patients so that trust is maintained throughout their treatment. Doctors also
ensure that confidentiality is only breached when it is necessary, for instance
during referrals to specialists to advance patient care and also when it is in the
best interest of the patient. Informatics is used in biomedical science to store
and secure data in the NHS. The database used by the NHS is SystmOne, a
clinical computer system in the UK used predominantly for healthcare data.
The NHS uses SystmOne for data management to keep patient data safe and
