ONS Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Certificate 2023 Questions and Answers
3 major phases of cell division: - ANSWER - Interphase
Mitotic phase
Cytokinesis
3 steps of interphase: - ANSWER - First growth phase (G1)
Synthesis phase (S phase)
Second growth phase (G2)
4 phases of mitosis: - ANSWER - Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Innate immunity: - ANSWER - Non-specific response, either:
1. Barrier (skin, mucous membranes, flora of skin/gut)
2. Cellular components (phagocytes, natural killer cells, granulocytes, macrophages)
Adaptive immunity: - ANSWER - Follows innate immunity if unsuccessful. Memory immunity, including:
1. Humoral immunity (production of antibodies or immunoglobulins)
2. Cell mediated immunity (dependent upon T cells)
3. Regulatory T -cells (prevent autoimmune reactions and limit inflammatory responses)
Define mutations - ANSWER - Variations in the nucleotide sequence of a gene
3 main goals of treatment: - ANSWER - Cure
Control
Palliation
Define neoadjuvant therapy - ANSWER - Treatment is given prior to surgery to shrink the tumor
Define adjuvant therapy - ANSWER - Additional cancer treatment given after the primary treatment to lower the risk that the cancer reoccur
Define conditioning/preparative therapy - ANSWER - Treatments used to prepare a patient for stem cell transplantation
2 types of conditioning therapies: - ANSWER - Myeloablative
Nonmyeloablative
Define dose density - ANSWER - Drug dose per unit of time Define dose intensity - ANSWER - Amount of drug delivered over time
How is relative dose intensity (RDI) calculated? - ANSWER - By comparing the dose that the patient ACTUALLY received to the planned dose of the standard regimen
How do alkylating agents work? - ANSWER - By causing a break in the DNA helix strand, interfering with DNA replication and causing cell death
3 subcategories of alkylating agents: - ANSWER - 1. Nitrogen mustards
2. Platinum-based agents (do not possess an alkyl group but still termed alkylating agents as they work similarly)
3. Nitrosoureas
Most common subcategory of alkylating agents: - ANSWER - Nitrogen mustards
Common alkylating agents: - ANSWER - Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)
Ifosfamide (Ifex)
Bendamustine (Treanda)
Common platinum-based agents: - ANSWER - Cisplatin (Platinol)
Carboplatin (Paraplatin)
What is unique about nitrosoureas agents? - ANSWER - Able to cross the blood-
brain barrier; can be effective in treating some brain tumors
Common nitrosoureas agents: - ANSWER - Carmustine (BiCNU)
Lomustine (CeeNu)
Streptozocin (Zanosar)
Hypersensitivity can occur with late doses of: - ANSWER - Carboplatin
These agents are typically categorized as highly emetogenic: - ANSWER - 1. Alkylating agents
2. Nitrosoureas
Pre-administration labs for alkylating agents and nitrosoureas: - ANSWER - BUN
Creatinine
CBC w/ diff
What is the medication Mesna used for? - ANSWER - Bladder protectant with administration of cyclophosphamide or ifosfamide
Instruct pts receiving ________ to avoid exposure to cold air and consuming cold fluids for 3-4 days following treatment - ANSWER - Oxaliplatin
How do antimetabolites function? - ANSWER - By blocking DNA and RNA growth by
interfering with enzymes needed for normal cell metabolism
Antimetabolites work in the ___ phase. - ANSWER - S
3 major phases of cell division: - ANSWER - Interphase
Mitotic phase
Cytokinesis
3 steps of interphase: - ANSWER - First growth phase (G1)
Synthesis phase (S phase)
Second growth phase (G2)
4 phases of mitosis: - ANSWER - Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Innate immunity: - ANSWER - Non-specific response, either:
1. Barrier (skin, mucous membranes, flora of skin/gut)
2. Cellular components (phagocytes, natural killer cells, granulocytes, macrophages)
Adaptive immunity: - ANSWER - Follows innate immunity if unsuccessful. Memory immunity, including:
1. Humoral immunity (production of antibodies or immunoglobulins)
2. Cell mediated immunity (dependent upon T cells)
3. Regulatory T -cells (prevent autoimmune reactions and limit inflammatory responses)
Define mutations - ANSWER - Variations in the nucleotide sequence of a gene
3 main goals of treatment: - ANSWER - Cure
Control
Palliation
Define neoadjuvant therapy - ANSWER - Treatment is given prior to surgery to shrink the tumor
Define adjuvant therapy - ANSWER - Additional cancer treatment given after the primary treatment to lower the risk that the cancer reoccur
Define conditioning/preparative therapy - ANSWER - Treatments used to prepare a patient for stem cell transplantation
2 types of conditioning therapies: - ANSWER - Myeloablative
Nonmyeloablative
Define dose density - ANSWER - Drug dose per unit of time Define dose intensity - ANSWER - Amount of drug delivered over time
How is relative dose intensity (RDI) calculated? - ANSWER - By comparing the dose that the patient ACTUALLY received to the planned dose of the standard regimen
How do alkylating agents work? - ANSWER - By causing a break in the DNA helix strand, interfering with DNA replication and causing cell death
3 subcategories of alkylating agents: - ANSWER - 1. Nitrogen mustards
2. Platinum-based agents (do not possess an alkyl group but still termed alkylating agents as they work similarly)
3. Nitrosoureas
Most common subcategory of alkylating agents: - ANSWER - Nitrogen mustards
Common alkylating agents: - ANSWER - Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)
Ifosfamide (Ifex)
Bendamustine (Treanda)
Common platinum-based agents: - ANSWER - Cisplatin (Platinol)
Carboplatin (Paraplatin)
What is unique about nitrosoureas agents? - ANSWER - Able to cross the blood-
brain barrier; can be effective in treating some brain tumors
Common nitrosoureas agents: - ANSWER - Carmustine (BiCNU)
Lomustine (CeeNu)
Streptozocin (Zanosar)
Hypersensitivity can occur with late doses of: - ANSWER - Carboplatin
These agents are typically categorized as highly emetogenic: - ANSWER - 1. Alkylating agents
2. Nitrosoureas
Pre-administration labs for alkylating agents and nitrosoureas: - ANSWER - BUN
Creatinine
CBC w/ diff
What is the medication Mesna used for? - ANSWER - Bladder protectant with administration of cyclophosphamide or ifosfamide
Instruct pts receiving ________ to avoid exposure to cold air and consuming cold fluids for 3-4 days following treatment - ANSWER - Oxaliplatin
How do antimetabolites function? - ANSWER - By blocking DNA and RNA growth by
interfering with enzymes needed for normal cell metabolism
Antimetabolites work in the ___ phase. - ANSWER - S
