Psych 105 Exam 1 PSU Questions with correct Answers

# of people with a BA in psych - Answer- 3.4 million # of people with a Ph D or Psy D in psych - Answer- 207,000 # of divisions in the APA - Answer- 56 3 elements that define science - Answer- systematic empiricism, production of public knowledge, examination of solvable problems systematic empiricism - Answer- structured observation which is theory driven and used to test hypotheses production of public knowledge - Answer- scientific findings are submitted to the scientific community for scrutiny, they are peer reviewed, and other scientists replicate and expand on them early psychology-related practice - Answer- took place in America in the 1800s and early 1900s without licensing or certification; anyone could offer "psychological" services definition of profession - Answer- an occupation requiring training and specialized study characteristics of a profession - Answer- specialized education, exchange of information, accepted standards of practice, government certification and/or licensing laws charlatan - Answer- a person who makes elaborate and fraudulent claims to skill or knowledge pseudoscience - Answer- a collection of beliefs or practices mistakenly regarded as being based on scientific method psychology's occult doubles - Answer- phrenology, physiognomy, mesmerism, spiritualism, mental healing Franz Joseph Gall (German physician and anatomist) - Answer- created phrenology, but never approved of the term (called it organology) phrenology - Answer- pseudoscience which argues that different parts of the brain are responsible for emotional, intellectual, and behavioral functions phrenology technique - Answer- measuring bumps and indentations on the skull to assess talents or defects Johann Spurzheim - Answer- further popularized phrenology and established that there "are" 21 emotional and 14 intellectual faculties (35 total) Brothers Orson & Lorenzo Fowler - Answer- opened phrenology clinics in NY, Boston, and Philly in the late 1830s; franchised their business, trained phrenologists and provided phrenology supplies Efforts to increase phrenology's respectability - Answer- published a magazine filled with articles and testimonials of phrenology's "scientific legitimacy" 70 - Answer- years phrenology remained popular Lake Wobegon Effect - Answer- "everyone is above average"; phrenologists told clients what they wanted to hear physiognomy - Answer- a system of judging a person's character from facial features Johann Lavater - Answer- Swiss theologian who promoted physiognomy during the late 1700s into the early 1800s; created Essays on Physiognomy (which contains 800 illustrations) principles of physiognomy - Answer- eyes, nose, face, and chin are indicators of intelligence, morality, etc. utilized physiognomy - Answer- American businesses for hiring and promoting employees criminal physiognomy - Answer- pseudoscience which claimed criminals have distinct facial features that can be measured via physiognomy Cesare Lombroso - Answer- Italian criminologist who held the belief of criminal physiognomy characteristics of criminal physiognomy - Answer- short, large head and large pointy ears, small brain, and bushy eyebrows Franz Anton Mesmer - Answer- Austrian physician; popularized mesmerism in order to cure patients animal magnetism - Answer- a force that Mesmer believed flowed within the body and, when impeded, resulted in disease; relieved mental and physical symptoms with magnets, then eventually only his hands fall of Mesmer - Answer- critics in the medical community accused him of being a fraud; King Louis XVI's Blue Ribbon Commission spiritualism - Answer- Belief that the dead communicate with the living through a medium The Fox Sisters - Answer- claimed to have contact with the spirit of a dead person; kicked off growth of spiritualism in America in 1849 Phineas Parkhurst Quimby - Answer- founded the mental healing "mind-cure" movement mental healing - Answer- The belief that many diseases are wholly mental and that other diseases are exacerbated by mental conditions; cures lie within the mind mental powers of individuals William Wundt - Answer- Conducted first psychology experiments in first psych laboratory (University of Leipzig); father of modern psychoogy Wundt's Lab - Answer- focused on: 1) sensation and perception 2) speed of mental operation 3) perception of time consulting psychologists - Answer- psychologists who worked outside academia 1921 - Answer- APA unsuccessfully attempted to certify consulting psychologists ACP (Association of Consulting Psychologists) - Answer- created in 1930 because APA started out as purely academic G. Stanley Hall - Answer- american psychologist who established the first psychology research laboratory in the United States and founded the American Psychological Association (first president) Mary Whiton Calkins - Answer- First female president of the APA (14th); earned Harvard Ph.D Margaret Floy Washburn - Answer- first woman to earn an doctoral degree in psych, never married so she could continue to teach at Vassar College; 30th president of the APA Fact - Answer- Clinical psychology is the largest and fastest growing subfield of psychology Philippe Pinel - Answer- French physician who worked to reform the treatment of people with mental disorder; moral therapy/moral treatment Lightner Witmer - Answer- student of Wundt and founder of clinical psychology founded first psychological clinic in the US at UPenn; studied children with poor academics Leta Stetter Hollingworth - Answer- One of the first psychologists to focus on child development and on women's issues; refuted the Myth of Meritocracy King Louis' Blue Ribbon Commission - Answer- Report stated no animal magnetic fluids exisited & there was no healing; despite this, many patients reported feeling spiritually invigorated contemporary research on hypnosis - Answer- studies found that hypnosis reduced the intensity of perceived pain (lower back) EMDR - Answer- one of the therapeutic treatments which involves a hypnotic component Planned Happenstance Theory (Krumboltz) - Answer- that certain qualities allow people to capitalize and turn serendipity into opportunity (curiousity, persistence, flexibility, optimism) differences between clinical and counseling psychology - Answer- size, training, where it's housed, master student admissions, employment settings, graduate school admissions Size - Answer- clinical psychology is larger; 240 APA accredited programs vs. 71 counseling; 50% of doctorates vs. 9% departments of psychology - Answer- house clinical psychology employment settings - Answer- 15% more clinical psychologists work in private practice; 10% more counseling work in college counseling centers graduate school admissions - Answer- more clinical psychology applications; nearly equal acceptance rates most common psychologist workplaces - Answer- private practice, hospitals, universities, med schools least common psychologist workplaces - Answer- V.A. clinics, correctional facilities, rehabs Core Activities of Clinical Psychologists - Answer- practice (direct service, diagnosis, assessment, therapy, consultation), research, administration, teaching and supervision 12 - Answer- clinical psychology APA division clinical psychology - Answer- the integration of science, theory, and practice to understand, predict, and alleviate psychological problems and distress, as well as promote healthy human development first American asylum - Answer- opened in Philadelphia in 1750s (Ben Franklin supported it) second American asylum - Answer- opened in Williamsburg, VA asylums - Answer- patient numbers increased from 57 to 473; doctor patient ratio 250 to 1 Dorothea Dix - Answer- Mental hygiene movements; moved to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada Clifford Beers - Answer- Described own mental collapse in "A Mind That Found Itself"; Began campaign for reform of mental hospitals to lessen incidence of mental illness; helped create NCMH (National Committee for Mental Hygiene) 1963 (Community Mental Health Centers Act) - Answer- Marked beginning of community outpatient facilities for mental health and led to deinstitutionalization of large psychiatric hospitals; led to large increase in American homeless rationale for the Act - Answer- advancements in medication, public dissatisfaction with asylums Alfred Binet - Answer- created first intelligence test for Parisian school children; used sub-tests such as memory, problem solving, comprehension, and verbal fluency Henry Herbert Goddard - Answer- Translated Binet's intelligence test into English (Binet-Simon) and used it to test and classify students with intellectual abilities; coined terms moron, imbecile, and idiot (lowest intelligence) Lewis Terman - Answer- revised Binet's IQ test and established norms for American children; tested group of young geniuses and followed in a longitudinal study that lasted beyond his own lifetime to show that high IQ does not necessarily lead to wonderful things in life what sets psychology aside - Answer- mental testing and assessment sets psychology apart from other mental health fields like psychiatry and social work Army Alpha Test - Answer- one of the earliest intelligence tests designed by the US army for determining each person's capability as a soldier in WW1 (Yerkes, Goddard, Terman, etc.) Army Beta Test - Answer- a nonverbal intelligence test developed during WWI to assess illiterate recruits Elwood Worcester - Answer- student of Wundt who supported the Emmanuel Movement Emmanuel Movement - Answer- medical diagnosis and spiritual advice; involved psychotherapy with hypnosis & relaxation to treat physical ailments importance of the Emmanuel Movement - Answer- physicians felt that psychotherapy should only be practiced by those with a medical degree; however, they previously have little interest in therapy Leta Stetter Hollingworth research - Answer- through comparative research on male and female infants, refuted the sexist variability hypotheses; argued that males achieve more due to unequal opportunities ACP - Answer- Association for Counseling Psychologists; published first official code of ethics for psychologists; subsumed into APA in 1945 personality testing - Answer- Kent-Rosanoff Association Test, word association by Jung, Personal Data Sheet, projective tests Personal Data Sheet - Answer- the first pencil and paper personality test, created by Robert Woodworth; used by military to determine soldiers who were susceptible to shell shock MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) - Answer- published in 1943 by Hathaway and McKinley; personality test designed to assess symptoms of mental disorders; assisted psychologists in treatment involvement MMPI-2 - Answer- a well-researched, clinical questionnaire used to assess personality and psychological problems; very difficult to fake & often used in legal situations Accreditation - Answer- in 1946 the APA started accrediting doctoral training programs in clinicial psychology Licensure - Answer- defines qualifications needed to enter profession; in 1946 Virginia was first state to require psychologists to have a license, Missouri last in 1977 Ethics - Answer- APA published first code of ethics in 1953 Therapies in late 1950s and 1960s - Answer- behavorial therapies dominated, and systematic desensitization cognitive revolution - Answer- in the late 1950s/1960s; belief held that psychological problems are the result of irrational beliefs that people hold APS - Answer- researchers formed the American Psychological Society in 1988 because they felt the APA focused too much on practice scientist-practitioner model - Answer- A model of training of professional psychologists that emphasizes the development of both research and clinical skills; 1 year pre-doctoral internship & requires doctoral dissertation Vail Model - Answer- Practitioner-Scholar model which emphasizes clinical experience and less on research clinical social workers - Answer- master's degree in social work; view mental illness in a societal system, help people access social services (job assistance, medical care, housing); growth is MUCH FASTER THAN AVERAGE counselors & therapists - Answer- growth is MUCH FASTER THAN AVERAGE; ACA LPC requirements - Answer- Bachelors, Masters degree in Counseling, coursework (~30 credits), 100 hours of supervised clinical work, 600 hours internship, pass a National Certification Exam, 3000 hours of supervised clinical experience, apply and obtain license, engage in continuing education to renew license (every 2 years) Drug and Alcohol Counseling (CAC) - Answer- qualifications vary a lot by state, growth is MUCH FASTER THAN AVERAGE 17 - Answer- APA division for counseling psychology The Child Saving Movement - Answer- to combat the drop out rate; compulsory education laws (MA in 1852 & MS in 1917); lead to creation of settlement homes Settlement homes - Answer- established in poor neighborhoods to assist workers & their families; social progressives resided in the homes & became active in the community by providing guidance, teaching, and counseling for the poor children Frank Parsons - Answer- the father of (career) counseling psychology; he helped out at the Civic Service House in Boston and believed that people are happier and more efficient if they choose work that is related to their interests & abillities Triadic formulation - Answer- coined by Frank Parsons; knowledge of self, occupation, and the relationship between the two John Brewer - Answer- Proposed that every teacher be a counselor and that guidance be incorporated into the school curriculum as a subject; debate over career guidance as education or psychology, he criticized psychological tests and stressed the process of learning over testing Hugo Munsterberg - Answer- father of industrial psychology; developed tests of vocational selection Harry Hollingworth - Answer- published "Vocational Psychology" in 1916; applies psychology to assessment of individual differences rather than physiognomy GI Bill of Rights - Answer- Law Passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher education; lead to a surge in need for career counselors and university counselors National Mental Health Act of 1946 - Answer- Established the National Institute of Mental Health; greatly increased growth of the mental health field and provided funding for research, training, and prevention Division 17 original name - Answer- "Division of Personnel and Guidance Psychologists," then "Division of Counseling and Guidance," finally "Counseling Psychology" in an attempt to create an independent identity as a health profession Northwestern Conference - Answer- Prepared definitions of roles and functions of counseling psychologists and proposed training standards for practicum and research as well as core psychology courses; adopted the scientist-practitioner model Carl Rogers - Answer- Humanistic; self-concept and unconditional positive regard drive personality; trained counselors to work with returning veterans and focused on the "whole" person; first to study psychotherapy using video & audio tape Sputnik - Answer- The world's first space satellite; led to changes in education due to Soviet Union security threat (why was it recommended to) dissolve division 17? - Answer- in 1959 an APA committee was assigned to investigate the status of counseling psychology which then wrote a biased report recommending the elimination because not many sought ABPP (American Board of Professional Psychology certification) and the lack of research emphasis Leona Tyler - Answer- reported counseling psychology is alive and well; she found division 17 membership & number of counseling psychology graduates was going up Greyston Conference (1964) - Answer- Counseling psychologists gathered to decide on the identity of the field; recommended coursework in sociology, career issues, and education; ultimately united CPs in a shared mission E.K. Strong - Answer- created the Strong Interest Inventory in 1927; the most popular, well-supported, widely used career test today; compares your interests to those satisfied in their occupation John Holland - Answer- career personality approach (RIASEC theory) RIASEC model - Answer- realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, conventional Holland codes of psych - Answer- S, I, A Educational psychology - Answer- the study of how students learn, the effectiveness of particular instructional methods, the social psychology of schools, and the psychology of teaching research on student learning - Answer- motivation, intelligence, study habits, perseverance, and response to success/failure research on instructional methods - Answer- assessment methods, teaching materials, technology Fried (2007) - Answer- studied 137 students in two intro to psych classes; weekly survey asked about classroom experience; using linear regression, found that higher laptop use correlated with lower test scores, less attention to lecture, and less clarity an understanding of lecture Mueller & Oppenheimer (2014) - Answer- it is better to take notes by hand than to type them; experiment with 67 students, a TED talk, and factual-recall and conceptual-application test questions showed conceptual is better for paper note users school psychology - Answer- work to improve student well-being by addressing developmental, emotional, social and academic problems that interfere with education 16 - Answer- APA school psychology division up to 20% - Answer- % of children with mental health problems where school psychologists work - Answer- 81% work in school districts or school systems; sometimes clinics, medical centers, juvenile correctional facilities, etc. what school psychologists do - Answer- assessment (determine additional services needed for students to succeed in school) and intervention (provide therapy, skills training, and grief counseling), prevention (bullying, program development and teacher training), consultation (provide guidance to teachers & admin), and program evaluation (instructional program effectiveness) how to become a school psychologist - Answer- BA in psych or edu, between master's and doctorate, must pass Praxis School Psych Exam John Dewey - Answer- Father of progressive education; felt school was a place for children to learn necessary skills to take their place in democratic society, emphasized complex reasoning, problem solving, and critical thinking, learning by doing G. Stanley Hall (school) - Answer- leader of child study movement; used questionnaire method to gather data; nomothetic approach (group data on normal development), and biological determinism biological determinism - Answer- all human behavior is innate and determined by genes; skewed view of women & minorities Lewis Terman study - Answer- longitudinal study of 1521 gifted children (135+) Arnold Gesell - Answer- first "school psychologist," student of Hall and was hired by the board of education Lightner Witmer Hospital - Answer- supported psychological clinic and hospital school for children with intellectual disability or other conditions that inhibit academic progress; treatment team approach ideographic approach - Answer- identifying specific characteristics and life experiences of specific individuals; needed to understand test results nomothetic approach - Answer- examines personality in large groups of people, with the aim of making generalizations about personality structure psychology in the school system - Answer- in Chicago (1899) the first psychological clinic based in a public school system Chicago clinic - Answer- collected physical measurements for the establishment of age norms, application of physical measurements to the study of educational problems, examination of individual problem children, training of teachers and principals Gertrude Hildreth - Answer- Wrote first book on school psychology (Psychological Service for School Problems); developed the widely used Metropolitan Readiness Tests (used for determining entry into Kindergarten) Thayer Conference (1954) - Answer- Outlined the shape and substance of school psychology; established doctoral standard to be a school psychologist and MA level was deemed psychological examiner Education for All Handicapped Children (1975) - Answer- required public schools to provide education for children 3 to 21 with physical or mental disabilities; led to special education in public schools, outlined steps to identify, evaluate, and educate disabled children (Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act) IDEIA - Answer- formerly Education for All Handicapped Children, changed in 1990 NASP - Answer- National Association of School Psychologists; held first conference in 1969; certifies school psychologists NASP Certification - Answer- requires NASP accredited specialist program, 60 hours of coursework, 1200 hours supervised internship, ~3 years to complete, pass the PRAXIS exam, 75 hours continuing education every 3 years, growth is FASTER THAN AVERAGE