SLP Praxis Questions and Answers 2023/2024 Solved 100% Correct

What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development? - ANSWER-Sensorimotor (0-2) Preoperational (2-7) Concrete (7-11) Formal (11+) What are the muscles involved in inspiration? - ANSWER-Diaphragm External intercostal muscles: raise the ribs up and out Serratus posterior superior: elevates rib cage Levator costarum brevis: elevates rib cage Levator costarum logies: elevates rib cage What are the muscles involved in expiration? - ANSWER-Internal intercostal muscles Latissimus dorsi Rectum abdominis Transverse abdominis Internal oblique abdominal Quadrates lumborum What structures are involved in respiration? - ANSWER-Lungs Bronchi Trachea Spinal column Sternum: manubrium, corpus, xiphoid process Rib cage What is the myoelastic-aerodynamic theory? - ANSWER-It's a theory of phonation. VF closure -> build up of sub glottal air pressure -> pressure blows the folds apart -> folds vibrate -> air moves through glottal opening, decreasing pressure -> folds sucked back together. What are the laryngeal cartilages? - ANSWER-Hyoid bone Epiglottis Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Arytenoids Corniculates Discuss the vocal folds, aryepiglottic folds and ventricular folds. - ANSWER-Vocal folds: They have three layers Epithelium: the outer cover. Lamina propia: the middle. Vocalis muscle: the body Aryepiglottic folds: They go from arytenoids to larynx. Help preserve airway. Ventricular folds: Sometimes vibrate with low frequencies. What are the intrinsic muscles involved in phonation? - ANSWER-internal thyroarytenoid: it's the primary portion of thryoarynteoid muscles. it vibrates and produces sounds. cricothyroid: lengthens and tenses vocal folds. oblique and transverse arytenoid: contract and pull arynteoids together for adduction. posterior cricoarynteoid: abducts lateral cricoarytenoid: adducts What are the extrinsic muscles involved in phonation? - ANSWER-Elevators: Digastric Geniohyoid Mylohyoid Stylohyoid Hyoglossus Genioglossus Depressors: Thyrohyoid Omohyoid Sternothryoid Sternohyoid How many/what type of teeth do we have? - ANSWER-32 teeth: 4 incisors, 2 canine, 4 premolar and 6 molar What are the parts of the tongue? - ANSWER-tip, blade, dorsum, root and lingual frenulum. What are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue? - ANSWER-All innervated by CN 12 Superior longitudinal muscle: shortens tongue. turns tip upward. Inferior longitudinal muscle: shortens tongue. turns tip downward. Transverse muscle: elongates tongue Vertical muscle: narrows tongue What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue? - ANSWER-All innervated by CN 12 Genioglossus: forms bulk of tongue. retracts, draws tongue downward Styloglossus: draws tongue up and back Hyoglossus: retracts and depresses tongue Chondroglossus: depresses tongue Palatoglossus: elevates tongue and depresses velum What are the muscles of the pharynx? - ANSWER-salpingopharyngeus: elevates laryngeal wall stylopharyngeus: elevates and opens pharynx superior pharyngeal constrictor: pulls wall forward middle pharyngeal constrictor: narrows diameter or pharynx inferior pharyngeal constrictor: constricts office of esophagus and reduces diameter of pharynx What are the muscles of the soft palate? - ANSWER-levator veli palatini: elevates velum tensor veli palatini: tenses velum palatoglossus: elevates and depresses velum palatopharyngeus: lowers velum What are the structures of the hard palate? - ANSWER-Pre maxilla Palatine process What are the muscles of the mandible? - ANSWER-Elevators: Masseter Temporalis Pterygoid Depressors: Digastric Geniohyoid Mylohyoid What are the cranial nerves? - ANSWER-Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal Vagus Spinal accessory Hypoglossal Trigeminal: function and damage - ANSWER-Provides sensory information to face. It has three branches. Ophthalmic: nose and eyes Maxillary: lip, maxilla, upper cheek Mandibular: lower teeth Provides motor information to the jaw. Damage could result in an inability to close mouth and chew. Facial: function and damage - ANSWER-Provides sensory information to anterior 2/3 of tongue. Provides motor information to muscles of the face. Damage could result in a mask like appearance. Vestibulocochlear: function and damage - ANSWER-There are two branches. The vestibular branch and acoustic branch. Provides sensory information. Damage could result in hearing loss or balance issues or both. Glossopharyngeal: function and damage - ANSWER-Provides sensory information to posterior 1/3 of tongue Provides motor information to muscles of pharynx (some) Damage could result in loss of taste, difficulty swallowing and damage to the gag reflex. Vagus: function and damage - ANSWER-Provides sensory and motor information to some muscles of larynx and pharynx. There is the recurrent laryngeal nerve which is responsible for intrinsic muscles of larynx (except cricothryoid) The pharyngeal branch is responsible for the pharyngeal constrictors and most muscles of velum (except tensor tympani) Damage could result in swallowing issues, velum paralysis and voice problems Spinal accessory: function and damage - ANSWER-Provides motor information to head and shoulder and some soft palate. Damage could result in neck weakness, inability to turn head, shrug or raise arms Hypoglossal: function and damage - ANSWER-Provides motor information to all intrinsic and some extrinsic muscles of the tongue. Damage could result in tongue paralysis, unintelligible speech and swallowing issues Describe spinal nerves. - ANSWER-Cervical: 8 pairs. Neck Thoracic: 12 pairs. Chest Lumbar: 5 Sacral: 5 Coccygeal: 1 What is the temporal lobe responsible for? - ANSWER-Processing hearing information and comprehending speech. Contains primary auditory cortex, Heschl's gyrus and Wernicke's area. What is the frontal lobe responsible for? - ANSWER-Important for planning, decision making, etc. Contains important speech structures, such as Broca's, primary motor cortex (aka motor strip. controls voluntary movements) and the supplementary motor cortex (helps with motor planning of speech) What is the parietal lobe responsible for? - ANSWER-Contains the primary somatic sensory area, which integrates somesthetic information (pressures, pain, temperature, touch). Also contains supra marginal gyrus and the angular gyrus What are the structures of the cerebrum? - ANSWER-Longitudinal fissure: goes along middle of hemispheres Central sulcus: divides frontal and parietal Lateral fissure: divides frontal and temporal Cerebellum: function and damage - ANSWER-It acts as a modulator for neural activity. It regulates balance, posture and fine motor movements Damage to the cerebellum results in ataxia. Loss of voluntary control. Think: COORDINATION Basal ganglia: function and damage - ANSWER-The basal ganglia is a highly complex system of neural pathways that receive input and relay messages back to the brain via the thalamus. Damage to the BG results in unusual body postures, dysarthria, involuntary movements, changes in body tone. It's part of the extrapyramidal system which regulates motor movements. Discuss the brainstem and its structures. - ANSWER-Contains midbrain, pons and medulla The midbrain, aka mesencephalon, controls motor and sensory reflexes. The pons, aka metencehpalon, transmit information relative to movement from the hemispheres to the cerebellum. they act as a message station. The medulla houses several cranial nerves for speech production Discuss the diencephalon and its structures. - ANSWER-It is located above the midbrain. Thalamus: relays sensory information to various parts of the brain. Hypothalamus: integrates actions of the ANS, such as hunger, thirst, emotions. Discuss the automatic nervous system. - ANSWER-The sympathetic system is responsible for the "fight or flight". Causes heart to accelerate, raises blood pressure. increases blood flow to various areas of the body. The parasympathetic system is what relaxes you. Efferent vs Afferent - ANSWER-Efferent are motor neurons that carry nerves away from CNS to muscles Afferent are sensory neurons that carry nerves toward CNS. LMN vs UMN - ANSWER-LMN go from spinal nerves to muscles UMN are in the CNS Discuss the pyramidal system and its tracts - ANSWER-The pyramidal system is responsible for providing muscle movement to muscles of the head, neck and limbs. This is a direct activation pathway. The fiber tracts of this system originate in cerebral cortex and go to muscles. In the corticospinal tract, the nerve fibers begin in pre central gyrus (aka motor strip), goes through midbrain, pons and then about 80-85% of the nerve fibers decussate at medulla. Then they synapse at the anterior horn and communicate to the spinal nerves. they start in cortex and end in spine, which is why it's called corticospinal. In the corticobulbar tract, the nerve fibers begin in motor cortex, go to the brainstem and synapse with the cranial nerves , then decussate. Discuss the extrapyramidal system. - ANSWER-It's the "extra" that controls the postural support needed for fine motor movements. It's indirect and influences LMN. Damage results in involuntary movement, bizarre postures, unusual movement patterns. Examples include spasms, tremors, myoclonus and dystonia. Discuss the meninges. - ANSWER-Protect the brain. Pia Arachnoid Dura Discuss the cerebral ventricles. - ANSWER-The choroid plexus produces cerebrospinal fluid, which is responsible for nourishment, removal of waste and protection, and it travels via the ventricles. There are lateral ventricles, the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle. Hydrocephalus is a buildup of CSF. Discuss cerebral blood supply and the Circle of Willis - ANSWER-The aorta is the main artery of the heart. The aorta branches into the carotid arteries and subclavian arteries. The subclavian arteries branch into right and left vertebral arteries. The two vertebral arteries enter the skull and join to form the basilar artery, which branches out to form cerebral arteries. The carotid arteries go up the neck and branch into internal and external carotid arteries. Then you have the middle cerebral artery and anterior cerebral artery which supply blood to several areas of the brain. What are the three types of connecting fibers? - ANSWER-projection: connect between cortex and subcortical structures association: within hemispheres commissural: between hemispheres (corpus callosum) What is language? What is phonology? What are phonemes? What are allophones? - ANSWER-Code or system used to express concepts formed through exposure and experience Scientific study of sound systems and patterns Smallest unit of sound that can affect meaning Variations of phonemes What symbols do we use for broad phonetic transcription? - ANSWER- What are the parts of a syllable? - ANSWER-Onset: initial consonant or cluster of the syllable Nucleus: vowel or diphthong Coda: consonant at the end of the syllable Open vs closed syllable - ANSWER-Open syllables end in vowels, closed end in consonants What does vocalic describe? - ANSWER-Little constriction. Includes vowels and the consonants /l/ and /r/ What does consonantal describe? - ANSWER-Sounds with marked constriction. All the consonants except /l/ and /r/ What does lateral describe? - ANSWER-Sounds that create a lateral opening. Only /l/ What does back describe? - ANSWER-Sounds that are created by retraction of the tongue. /k/ /g/ and ng What does continuant describe? - ANSWER-Sounds that are produced with an incomplete point of constriction. The airflow is not stopped. The speaker produces the sound until out of breath. These include the fricatives, glides, liquids and laterals and NOT nasals, stops and affricates What does anterior describe? - ANSWER-Sounds that are produced with a point of constriction located anteriorly than that of [sh]. What does coronal describe? - ANSWER-Sounds that are produced when the tongue blade is raised above the normal schwa position. What does round describe? - ANSWER-Sounds that are produced with round lips, such as /r/ and /w/ What does strident describe? - ANSWER-Sounds that are produced by forcing air through a small opening. These sounds are the affricates and fricatives (minus th) What does sonorant describe? - ANSWER-Sounds that are produced by allowing airstream to pass uninterrupted through oral or nasal cavity. These are the nasals, glides and liquids What are syllabic sounds? - ANSWER-Sounds that serve as the nucleus in a syllable. All vowels, nasals and liquids What are obstruent sounds? - ANSWER-Sounds that have notable air obstruction. All affricates, fricatives and stops. What are sibilant sounds? - ANSWER-Sounds that have longer duration and more stridency than other consonants. Affricates and fricatives. What are approximants sounds? - ANSWER-Glides and liquids What is simple harmonic motion? - ANSWER-The back and forth movement of particles when the movement is symmetrical and periodic. Also known as a sine wave What is sinusoidal motion? - ANSWER-A wave with horizontal and vertical symmetry. What is compression? - ANSWER-Density of sound molecules What is rarefaction? - ANSWER-Thinning of air molecules What is an aperiodic wave? - ANSWER-Waves that do not repeat themselves. Random vibratory patterns. What is a period wave? - ANSWER-Waves that repeat themselves. What is amplitude? - ANSWER-The magnitude and direction of displacement. The greater the amplitude, the louder the sound signal. What is intensity? - ANSWER-The quality of sound that creates the sensation of loudness. Expressed in decibels. What is density? - ANSWER-Mass per unit volume What is oscillation? - ANSWER-The back and forth movement of air molecules because of a vibrating object What is frequency? - ANSWER-Rate of vibratory motion that is measured in cycles per second. Also Hz. What is natural frequency? - ANSWER-The frequency with which a source of sound normally vibrates. Determined by mass and stiffness. What is fundamental frequency? - ANSWER-The lowest frequency of a periodic wave. The first harmonic. What is a complex tone? - ANSWER-When two or more single frequency tones are combined. Can be periodic or aperiodic. What are free morphemes? What are bound morphemes? - ANSWER-Free morphemes can stand alone. Ex. Ocean Bound morphemes may change a word: Ex. Oceans What is a passive sentence? What is a active sentence? What is an interrogative sentence? What is a declarative sentence? What is an imperative sentence? What is an exclamatory sentence? What is a compound sentence? What is a complex sentence? - ANSWER-Subject receives action. "The cat was pet by Mark" Subject performs actions. "Mark pet the cat" Questions Statements Commands Strong feelings Two independent clauses joined by conjunction, common or semicolon An independent clause and a dependent clause. "I will drive my car to Reno (in) if I have enough gas (dep). What is the difference between direct and indirect requests? - ANSWER-Direct requests say exactly what they want whereas indirect requests convey politeness. Usually happens around age 6. What is a line of regard? - ANSWER-The line of regard is what the baby is looking at. What language milestones do babies exhibit from 0-3 months? - ANSWER-Startle to loud sounds Visually track or move eyes to source of sound Attend to and turn head to voices Smile reflexively Cry for assistance Coos Vocalizes vowels What language milestones do babies exhibit from 4-6 months? - ANSWER-Respond to "come here" or similar by raising arms Looks towards family members when named Explores vocal mechanism by growling, squealing, yelling, raspberries More adult like vowels Marginal babbling. Baba Varies pitch of vocalizations Responds to name Vocalizes pleasure and displeasure Varies pitch, volume and rate What language milestones do babies exhibit from 7-9 months? - ANSWER-Looks at common objects when named Comprehends no Begins some gestural language Uses a wide variety of sound combos Uses intonation patterns Imitates intonation patterns and speech sounds Variegated babbling Uncovers hidden toy (beginning of object permanence) What language milestones do babies exhibit from 10-12 months? - ANSWER-Understands around 10 words Begins to relate symbol and object. Use first word Gives block or toy upon request Obeys some commands Understands simple directions followed with gesture or body action Looks in correct place for hidden toy Turns head to own name Gestures or vocalizes to indicate wants and needs Uses wide variety of sounds and intonations Uses all consonants and vowels in vocal play Describe pragmatic development during the first year. - ANSWER-Perlocutionary behavior: the child lacks communicative intent Illocutionary behavior: uses intentional communication Locutionary state: begin to use words Joint reference What does syntax look like in a child between the ages of 1-2 years? - ANSWER-Holophrastic: single-word phrases. For example, "up" might mean "please pick me up because i don't want to sit and play anymore" Average MLU is 1.0-2.0 The child might also express themselves by using one word and vocal cues. They can typically produce 50 words and then start putting those two words together. What does semantics look like in a child between the ages of 1-2 years? - ANSWER-Typically produce 50 words and understand about 200. Holophrastic speech. Using more nominals and verbs. They will use overextensions. Have emerging negation with phrases like "all gone" Answers the question "what is this" and responds to yes/no questions Follows one-step commands Points to 1-5 body parts Asks for more Listens to stories Refers to self with pronoun and name Verbalizes immediate experience What does pragmatics look like in a child between the ages of 1-2 years? - ANSWER-Presuppositions emerge. Use language to signal intent. Halliday's seven functions of communicative intent: Imaginative: pretend or play-acting Heuristic: have environment and experiences explained to them. Regulatory: control behaviors of others Personal: express own feelings and attitudes Informative: to tell someone something Instrumental: to get assistance or materials from others Interactional: initiates with others. What does syntax look like in a child between the ages of 2-3 years? - ANSWER-Uses word combos Average MLU of 2.0-4.0 Combines 3-4 words Uses telegraphic speech Asks wh questions Expresses negation What does semantics look like in a child between the ages of 2-3 years? - ANSWER-Comprehends around words Expresses 200-600 words Learn meaning of objects -> events -> actions -> adjectives -> adverbs -> spatial concepts -> time concepts Answers simple wh questions Can identify body parts Carries out 1-2 step commands Understands plurals Can give simple account of experiences What does morphology look like in a child between the ages of 2-3 years? - ANSWER-Develops ing Simple irregular past tense Develops were and is Develops ed Overregularizes ed Knows in, on and possessives What does pragmatics look like in a child between the ages of 2-3 years? - ANSWER-Usually egocentric Rapid topic shift What does syntax look like in a child between the ages of 3-4 years? - ANSWER-Uses clauses in sentences Complex verb phrases Modal verbs (should, would, could) Uses embedded forms (the man who came to dinner stayed a week) Passive voice Complete sentences. MLU 5-5.5 Mostly nouns, verbs and personal pronouns Negation Complex and compound sentences What does semantics look like in a child between the ages of 3-4 years? - ANSWER-Comprehends about words Uses 900-1000 words Asks how, why and when Understands some opposites Knows name, street and nursery rhymes Labels most things Answers questions appropriately Can complete opposite analogies Uses pronouns Undestands agent-action What does morphology look like in a child between the ages of 3-4 years? - ANSWER-Uses irregular plural forms Uses third person singular Uses ing and negatives Plurals Uses is at beginning of sentence Uses contractions Possessive markers Uses myself, is, are, am and because What does pragmatics look like in a child between the ages of 3-4 years? - ANSWER-Can maintain conversation Begins to modify speech to age of listener Uses indirectives Uses requests Uses conversational devices Uses communicative functions such as role playing, protests, jokes, game markers, claims, warnings and teasing What does syntax look like in a child between the ages of 4-5 years? - ANSWER-MLU of 4.5-7.0 Speaks in complete sentences Uses future tense Uses if and so in sentences Uses passive voice What does semantics look like in a child between the ages of 4-5 years? - ANSWER-Uses concrete meanings and words, but responds to some abstract ideas appropriately Expresses about words Comprehends words Can name items in category Uses most pronouns Uses why and how Understands time concepts Asks meaning of words Shows objects by use and function Identifies past and future verbs What does morphology look like in a child between the ages of 4-5 years? - ANSWER-Uses comparatives Uses irregular plurals What does pragmatics look like in a child between the ages of 4-5 years? - ANSWER-Modifies speech depending on listener Begins to judge grammatical correctness Can maintain topic Uses egocentric monologue Uses indirect speech Begins to tell jokes What is the behavioral theory of language development? - ANSWER-Skinner is the main guy. States that verbal behaviors are acquired under appropriate stimulation, response and reinforcement. Language is learned, not innate. Environment and social interactions are important. What is the nativist theory of language development? - ANSWER-Chomsky is the main guy. States that children are born with language acquisition device. Language is innate. What is the cognitive theory of language development? - ANSWER-Piaget is the main guy. States that language acquisition is made possible through intellect and cognition. The more you learn about the world the more language you develop. What is the information processing theory of language development? - ANSWER-Focuses on how language is learned. What cognitive processes are necessary for language. Emphasizes auditory processing, discrimination, memory, rate, sequencing. What is the social interactionism theory of language development? - ANSWER-Vygostky is the main guy. States that language develops because children are motivated to interact socially with their environment. Established risk vs at risk - ANSWER-Established risks are things that we know are going to cause problems. Ex. Biological diseases. At risk are things that may cause problems. Ex. Family history. What are prelinguistic risk factors? - ANSWER-Avoiding eye contact Limited or no babbling Not saying "bye-bye" Lack of social smile Failure to follow direction Pre/peri/postnatal conditions Presence of a syndrome Environmental factors Impaired learning of speech sounds What are some basic facts regarding SLI? - ANSWER-Majority of children with language disorders have it. 7-8% of kindergarteners Everything is typical except language No known etiology Sequence of development is normal, however there are problems What are speech and language deficits seen in children with SLI? - ANSWER-Articulatory/phonological problems -poor intelligibility -exhibit phonological processes longer than typical kids - some say they hear/process the sound differently which is why they pronounce incorrectly. Test of nonword repetition is helpful. Semantics - Word finding problems - Smaller vocabulary - Less diversity - Difficulty learning new words - Malapropisms (flip phonological sounds) and neologisms. Syntax and Morphology - MLU is shorter - They don't pick up on these things implicitly - Problems with word order - Problems with negation - Problems with inflections - Use telegraphic speech May have pragmatic issues. It varies. But may present with - Topic initiation - Turn taking - Topic maintenance - Conversational repair strategies - Discourse and narrative skills - Staying relevant What are cognitive processes/EF deficits seen in children with SLI? - ANSWER-Speed of processing is slower Attending to tasks in difficult Working memory Emotional control Task shifting Disorganized and have difficulty planning What language deficits are seen in ID? - ANSWER-Varies. They are delayed rather than deviant. May have echolalia, which isn't normal. Very concrete, have difficulty with abstract. Smaller vocabularies. Morphology is especially bad. Often omit function words Slow development of syntax. Passive pragmatically.. What language deficits are seen in children with parental drug/alcohol use? - ANSWER-Causes growth problems and CNS dysfunction, which could lead to ID Abnormal craniofacial Malformations of organs Poor behavior and social skills Disorganized play Academic problems Swallowing issues Language delay Cognitive problems Auditory processing Hearing What are some language problems related to neglect/abuse? - ANSWER-Children with disabilities are more vulnerable to abuse. It's a heterogenous group, so it's difficult to generalize. Less language input due to less interactions, so expressive language delay What are some language problems related to poverty? - ANSWER-NO CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP. children with access to more have more language experiences. strong correlation between education and income level may have difficulty with reading, writing, temporal concepts, school-type expectations and vocabulary Why does cerebral palsy occur? How is it manifested? How do professionals categorize it? - ANSWER-It can occur parentally by rubella, mumps, etc. It can occur perinatally by a difficult birth. It can occur postnatally by anoxia, accidents or diseases It's manifested as hemiplegia, paraplegia (legs, lower trunk), monoplegia, diplegia and quadriplegia It is categorized as ataxic CP: disturbed balance and uncoordinated athetoid CP: slow and involuntary spastic CP: spasticity and stiff (most common) What language disorders are associated with CP? - ANSWER-Depends on what they have. Could be hearing loss or ID. Some children have typical language. Dysarthria is common What are some language deficits associated with ASD? - ANSWER-Lack of response to speech Slower acquisition Echolalia Perseveration Faster learning of concrete words Deficits in comprehension and figurative language Lack of generalization Pronoun reversal Omission of grammatical features Difficulty with joint attention Social communication problems What are some language deficits seen in children with TBI? - ANSWER-Comprehension Word retrieval Syntactic problems Poor academic problems (reading) Turn taking and topic maintenance Difficulty with attention/focus Memory problems Lack of self awareness Reduced processing speech Reasoning Discuss late talkers. - ANSWER-Significant expressive language delay seen around 24-30 months They are less vocal, have smaller consonant/vowel inventories, delays in morphosyntactic development, smaller vocabulary They should receive monitoring What are fetal alcohol effects and what are some associated language deficits? - ANSWER-fetal alcohol effects occurs when there is drinking during pregnancy but not enough to be FASD. May be problems in motor, neurological, behavioral, affective, social attachment, cognitive skills and language learning What are some language disorders associated with ADHD? - ANSWER-Difficulty with social interaction skills, like expressive language, not following instructions, turn taking and interrupting and story telling. What do you look for in an infant/toddler assessment? - ANSWER-Need to assess language comprehension and production (assess their attentional and physiological state. use language milestones), hearing, infant readiness for communication (baby showing reciprocal interaction), infant-caregiver interaction (there are materials to use. look at infants mood and responsiveness. how the caregiver modifies when the infant gives negative cues. how to caregiver handles and stimulates baby) and play activities (aggressive or uncooperative, refusal to share, talks during play, engages in different types of play). These are achieved through parent questionnaires and observations. What do you assess in a preschool/elementary child? - ANSWER-Do a visual/audiological evaluation Review any relevant medical data/psychological data Interview family members Academic scores Sample of work Teacher interview Gather language sample to assess syntactic skills (MLU, verb phrases, noun phrases, prepositional phrases, sentence types), morphological skills, semantic skills, pragmatic skills and language comprehension What is a discrete trial procedure? - ANSWER-Useful in the initial stages of treatment for teaching a skill. Show the stimulus, ask a question, give the correct response, reinforce child for correct imitation, record, go again. What is expansion? - ANSWER-Expanding on the child's utterance. What is extension? - ANSWER-Adding more information to what the child said. What is focused stimulation? - ANSWER-Provide stimulus over and over. What is parallel talk? - ANSWER-Say what the child is doing. What is shaping? - ANSWER-When a complex response is broken down into smaller components and taught sequentially. What is milieu teaching? - ANSWER-Uses approaches in natural settings. Incidental teaching is where the adult waits for a child to initiate a response. What are joint routines? - ANSWER-Routinized, repetitive activities used to stimulate language How do you teach literacy skills? - ANSWER-Include more exposure to literacy related materials. Target morphological awareness and phonological awareness What are some gestural unaided AACs? - ANSWER-Pantomime: gestures to express message Eye-blink ASL Limited manual sign: limited gestures and signs What are some gestural assisted/aided AACs? - ANSWER-Picsysms: graphic symbols Pic symbols: white drawings on black background Blissymbols: semi-iconic and abstract Sig symbols: based off ASL Rebuses: pictures with words Premack Type Symbols: plastic shapes associated with words PECS What is SCERTS? - ANSWER-Transactional supports to aid social communication and emotional regulation. What is the structural theory of articulation development? - ANSWER-There is an innate, hierachrical order of acquisiton Generally, how does speech sound acquisition look? - ANSWER-Vowels first Nasals are usually first consonants Stops before glides Fricatives and liquids Affricates and clusters latest What is McDonalds Sensorimotor Approach to SSD? - ANSWER-It's a bottom up approach. Emphasizes phonetic environment. Begin at syllable level. Begin with nonerror sounds Find a context where misarticulated sound is correct and practice Practice in different contexts Generalize What is Van Ripers Traditional Approach to SSD? - ANSWER-It's a bottom up drill It focuses on auditory discrimination/perceptual training, phonetic placement, drills and practice. For drilling, start in isolation -> syllables -> words -> phrases -> sentences -> reading -> conversation What is the Distinctive Features Approach to SSD? - ANSWER-You find a common distinctive features among sound errors (all sounds have stridency sub), so you work on/f/ (for example) and hope it transfers to other sounds What do you consider when deciding if a child needs therapy for SSD? - ANSWER-Are the errors inappropriate for their age? Are they different from peers of their same cultural background? Are they so unintelligible that it creates problems? What do you need to do for a SSD assessment? - ANSWER-Gather.. case history screening oral mech hearing language assessment assess sounds in words and sentences and convos assess phonological processes assess stimulability How do you score speech sounds? - ANSWER-transcribe speech samples find % misarticulated note phonetic context where misartiuclation occurred list errors calculate intelligibility calculate severity with percent of consonants correct >85% is mild 65-85% is mild-moderate 50-65% is moderate-severe <50% is severe What are some organically based disorders that could affect articulation? - ANSWER-ankyloglossia (tongue tie) dental deviations (class 1 is when some teeth are misaligned. class 2 is overbite. class 3 is underbite) orofacial myofunctional disorders (e.g. tongue thrust) Developmental approach vs complexity approach with SSD - ANSWER-teach sounds developmentally vs teach later developing sounds and the others will come What are some neuropatholoiges that could affect articulation? Describe. - ANSWER-Apraxia -slow, effortful -prolongation -consonant clusters are difficult -omissions/subs -metathesis -groping -hypernasality -inconsistency -therapy is hierarchical. tactile and drilling Dysarthria -voicing erros -bilabials and velars are easier -therapy includes intense drilling and compensatory strategies Phonological processes: reduplication regressive assimilation progress assimilation voicing assimilation unstressed epenthesis metathesis - ANSWER-repeat patterns occurs because of later sounds. guk for duck occurs because of earlier sounds. bup for but pik for pig mato for tomato schwa is inserted sounds are in reverse. likstip Phonological processes: vocalizations gliding velar fronting stopping depalatization affrication deaffrication backing - ANSWER-vowel replaced by consonant. noodoo for noodle gliding for liquids alveolar/dental replaces velar tu for shoe replaces a palatal for an alveolar. wats for watch fricative replaces affricate vice versa back sounds for front What is the contrast approach for SSD? - ANSWER-clinician uses minimal pairs to show that there are semantic and motoric differences. What phonological processes are gone by age 3? persist? - ANSWER-By age three: reduplication weak syllable deletion prevocalic voicing velar fronting FCD Persist: final consonant devoicing CCR stopping epenthesis gliding depalatization What is the Hodson Cycles Approach for SSD? - ANSWER-For severe kids. No drill. Each sound is targeted for a set time, then next week another sound is targeted. In a session, you review the previous sound, do auditory bombardment, activities with new words, play break, more activities, auditory bombardment. What is fluent speech characterized by? - ANSWER-It's produced with relative ease, easy flowing, smooth, continuous, relatively rapid, normally rhythmic, free from excessive amounts of disfluencies How is stuttering defined in terms of non speech behaviors? (3) - ANSWER-It is defined as anticipatory, apprehensive and hypertonic avoidance reactions (when a child learns to avoid speaking or avoids certain audiences). Anticipating struggles and becoming apprehensive. It is also defined by what a person does to avoid stuttering.