CDIS-410 Midterm Exam (Weeks 1-6) Complete Solution

CDIS-410 Midterm Exam (Weeks 1-6) Complete Solution Chronological Age measured in UNITS OF TIME (i.e. Years) = their ACTUAL AGE Biological Age 1. Where people stand relative to the # OF YEARS THEY WILL LIVE -Example = 65 when expected to die @ 70 years vs. 65 when expected to die @ 90 years 2. Age of body's ORGAN SYSTEMS & PHYSICAL APPEARANCE Functional Age 1. COMPETENCE in carrying out specific tasks -Examples = Walking, Driving, Sports 2. Measure of a person's ability to function effectively in his or her physical and social environment in comparison with others of the same chronological age Psychological Age how well a person ADAPTS to changing conditions () Social Age VIEWS held by most members of a society about what individuals in a particular Chronological Age group SHOULD DO and HOW THEY SHOULD BEHAVE -Examples = Marriage, Children, Career Life Expectancy - AVERAGE # OF YEARS that individuals in a particular birth cohort can be EXPECTED TO LIVE -DOESN'T consider HOW LONG individual members will live - Life Expectancy as of 2020: Males = 76 Females = 81 -INCREASE or DECREASE due to Drugs/Alcohol -Can be based on LOCATION of where you LIVE (i.e. Country, City, etc.) Life Span MAXIMUM LONGEVITY/LENGTH OF LIFE -Extreme UPPER LIMIT OF TIME that a species can live (i.e. Currently 120 years) Need For Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) - Textbook/School Information can be OUTDATED - New KNOWLEDGE, TECHNOLOGIES & INTERVENTIONS - Knowledge Explosion makes it IMPOSSIBLE to "KEEP UP": too much information ONLINE -EBP leads: -IMPROVE PATIENT OUTCOMES, REDUCED COSTS, HIGHER QUALITY CARE, GREATER PROVIDER SATISFACTION (Melnyk, 2010) - 28% better patient outcomes with BEST & LATEST EVIDENCE (Heater, 1988) - Patients should receive case based on the BEST AVAILABLE SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE (IOM, 2001) Components For EBP -EBP is the integration of: 1. Clinical Expertise 2. Expert Opinion 3. Knowledge 4. Judgement 5. Critical Reasoning *All 5 acquired through TRAINING & PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE -Components: 1. Clinical Experience 2. Scientific Evidence 3. Patient Values -The best available evidence gathered from the SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE (External Evidence) and from DATA & OBSERVATIONS collected on the individual client (Internal Evidence) -CLIENT, PATIENT, CAREGIVER PERSPECTIVES PERSONAL & CULTURAL CIRCUMSTANCES, VALUES, PRIORITIES & EXPECTATION identified by client & their family -How To "Best Available Research": 1. Define The Question 2. Find The Evidence 3. Assess The Evidence 4. Make The Decision/Conclusion What PICO Stands For P = Population, Patient, Problem *Who Are The Patients? *What Is The Problem? I = Intervention or Exposure *What Do We Do To Them? *What Are They Exposed To? C = Comparison *What Do We Compare The Intervention With? O = Outcome *What Happens? *What Is The Outcome? Neurotransmitters - Definition: The CHEMICAL component of ELECTROCHEMICAL CONDUCTION -Approximately 40-50 substances are NEUROTRANSMITTERS -Released in the AXON TERMINAL@ the SYNAPSE -Detected by RECEPTORS on the ADJACENT Neuron -Function: They assist in the regulation of the BRAIN's ability to... 1. Control SPEECH & LANGUAGE 2. MOTIVATION, PAIN, STRESS, CRAVINGS 3. PERSONALITY, MOOD, ATTENTION, MEMORY 4. METABOLIC FUNCTIONS & more Acetylcholine (Ach) - Type of NEUROTRANSMITTER - Location = Primary in PNS & important to CNS Functions: - COGNITIVE & MEMORY - VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT OF MUSCLES - Decreased ALZHEIMER'S Dopamine - Location = BASAL GANGLIA, SUBSTANTIA NIGRA Function: - COGNITION & MOTIVATION - WANTING PLEASURE ADDICT TO Dopamine - Decreased = PARKINSON'S DISEASE & Increased = SCHIZOPHRENIA Norepinephrine - Type of NEUROTRANSMITTER - Maintain ATTENTION & FOCUS - Related to ADHD Seratonin - Type of NEUROTRANSMITTER Functions: - MOODS - SLEEP - MEMORY - EMOTION - PAIN PERCEPTION - BLOOD PRESSURE - Decreased = DEPRESSION GABA - Type of NEUROTRANSMITTER - Location = Major in CEREBRAL CORTEX, CEREBRUM, & HIPPOCAMPUS - Loss of GABA = Degenerative Diseases → Causes INVOLUNTARY ABNORMAL MOVEMENTS (Huntington's Chorea) & INHIBITION OF MOTOR NEURON Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) - Located within each VENTRICLE - Produced in CHOROID PLEXUS in ventricles Functions: 1. Is a SHOCK ABSORBER 2. CIRCULATES NUTRIENTS in Brain 3. Removes WASTE from Brain - Hydrochephalus Occurs when the FLOW OF CSF is OBSTRUCTED & accumulates in the VENTRICLES or SUBARACHNOID SPACE * Results in HIGHER PRESSURE on the Brain Gray Matter - Contains NERVE CELL BODIES, GLIAL CELLS, CAPILLARIES, AXONS & DENDRITES - Directs SENSORY or MOTOR STIMULI to the INTERNEURONS of the CNS* for RESPONSIVENESS via SYNAPTIC ACTIVATION White Matter - Consists of AXONS that travel throughout the CORTEX & connect with other NERVES - "WHITE" refers to the COLOR of the MYELIN SHEATHS* that wrap each axon Left vs. Right Hemisphere - The RIGHT & LEFT Hemispheres are SEPARATED by a LONGITUDINAL FISSURE* - They are connected to each other by 2 LARGE BUNDLES of axons known as CORPUS CALLOSUM* - The 2 hemispheres receive SENSORY & MOTOR INFORMATION from the CONTRALATERAL side of the body - The CORTEX is organized so that the RIGHT HEMISPHERE CONTROLS* THE LEFT SIDE of the body & vice versa Left Hemisphere PROCESSING SPEECH & LANGUAGE VERBAL MEMORY Right Hemisphere PROCESSING PARALINGUISTIC INFORMATION, PRAGMATICS, NONLINGUISTIC INFORMATION (i.e. VISUAL, SPATIAL, EMOTIONAL & MUSICAL) Damage In Frontal Lobes - MOTOR WEAKNESS → on 1 side of the BODY/FACE FALLING - Inability to PROBLEM-SOLVE or ORGANIZE TASKS - Reduced CREATIVITY - Impaired JUDGEMENT - Reduced SENSE OF TASTE or SMELL DEPRESSION - Changes in BEHAVIOR → IMPULSIVE or RISKYY BEHAVIOR - LOW MOTIVATION - Low ATTENTION SPAN, EASILY DISTRACTED - Reduced or Increased SEXUAL INTEREST/PECULIAR SEXUAL HABITS Damage In Temporal Lobes - Difficulty in RECOGNIZING FACES (Prosopagnosia) - Difficulty in understanding SPOKEN WORDS (Wernicke's Aphasia) - Difficulty IDENTIFYING & VERBALIZING about OBJECTS - SELECTIVE ATTENTION - SHORT-TERM & LONG-TERM MEMORY - Difficulty CATEGORIZING OBJECTS - Increased AGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR Damage In Parietal Lobe