Approaches exam questions and answers with verified solutions

Approaches exam questions and answers with verified solutions Which psychologist is best known in relation to the emergence of psychology as a science? [1 mark] Wundt. Which of the following best describes identification as a feature of social learning? A Wanting to be like another person B Watching another person C Copying another person D Liking another person [1 mark] A Wanting to be like another person. Explain the major features of Introspection. [4 marks] Focus on being objective Reflection on sensations, feelings and images Wundt would ask people to focus on an everyday object and look inwards noticing sensations and feelings and images Breaking thoughts about an object down into separate elements Systematic reporting of an experience of object Specific examples e.g. use of metronome Jeremy is digging in the garden. He feels the spade hit a rock and stops digging immediately. Explain how sensory, relay and motor neurons would function in this situation. [6 marks] Sensory neurons send information from the senses to the brain - here receptors in Jeremy's hand would sense the jolt of the spade hitting the rock and send that information via the peripheral nervous system to his brain/CNS. Relay neurons connect with other neurons, mostly found in the brain/CNS - here they would be involved in analysis of the sensation, what it means, deciding about how to respond to it, thus acting between the sensory and motor neurons. Motor neurons send messages via long axons from the brain to the muscles or effectors - here the message from he brain instructs Jeremy's arm muscles to stop working and stop the digging action. Describe and evaluate the behaviorist approach. [12 marks] *AO1:* Behaviourist theories e.g .classical conditioning (UCS, CS, UCR, CR), operant conditioning - learning by association between response and consequence Work of Pavlov - classical conditioning of the salivation response in dogs Work of Skinner - operant conditioning of bar pressing in rats and pigeons Concept of reinforcement, types of reinforcement (positive, negative, primary, secondary) Credit other relevant content e.g. Thorndike's Law of Effect *AO3:* +: Enhancing the scientific status of psychology -: Use of objective scientific methods - systematic manipulation of variables, focus on the observable behaviour, control, demonstration of cause and effect +: Research supports view that animal and humans can learn by classical conditioning and operant conditioning +: usefulness/ applications e.g. prediction and modification of behaviour, therapy -: Oversimplification of all behaviour in terms of SR links (reductionism) -: Ethical issues e.g. negative aspects of controlling behaviour Contrast with notion of free will (environmental determinism) Complete the following sentence. Sensory neurons carry information... A Away from the brain. B Both to and from the brain. C Towards the brain. D Within the brain. [1 mark] C Towards the brain. Complete the following sentence. The somatic nervous system...