Control and coordination 2023 with verified questions and answers

stimuli/stimulus Changes in the environment response a reaction to a stimulus nervous system the network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body. endocrine system the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream Neurotransmitters chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons neurons a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system hormone Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another sensory receptors Specialized cells unique to each sense organ that respond to a particular form of sensory stimulation. taste buds (papillae) buds: groups of cells that are receptors papillae: bumps on tongue (clusters of taste buds) chemoreceptor cells based on chemicals that interact with the cells that are embedded in the tongue on the taste buds -taste buds sensory neurons neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord Relay neurone A short type of neurone, found in the spinal cord and brain. Relay neurones link with sensory, motor and other relay neurones. motor neurons neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands nerve impulse the message carried by a neuron resting potential The difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's cell membrane action potential the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell. Axon A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body. myelinated neurons neurons that have axons wrapped in a sheath of myelin unmyelinated neurons no myelin on the axons Synapse the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron striated muscle muscle connected to bones; voluntary or skeletal muscle actin A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells. Myosin A protein present in muscle fibers that aids in contraction and makes up the majority of muscle fiber muscle contraction Interactions between actin and myosin filaments of the sarcomere are responsible for menstrual cycle Cycle during which an egg develops and is released from an ovary and the uterus is prepared to receive a fertilized egg. Contraception Intentionally preventing pregnancy from occurring Auxins Hormones involved in plant-cell elongation, shoot and bud growth, and rooting. Gibberellins A class of related plant hormones that stimulate growth in the stem and leaves, trigger the germination of seeds and breaking of bud dormancy, and stimulate fruit development. Venus fly trap collects insects due to low nitrogen in soil embryo developing stage of a multicellular organism Phototropism Growth of a plant shoot toward or away from light. Gravittropism response to gravity plant parts roots, stems, leaves