Control and coordination

Coordination and control within our body aids survival and wellbeing by... - Correct Answer-Keeping us alive, keeping us safe, enabling socialisation What is coordination? - Correct Answer-The way all organs and systems of the body are made to work efficiently and effectively together. In multicellular organisms... - Correct Answer-cells cannot survive independently. What is the order of organisation? - Correct Answer-cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism What is homeostasis? - Correct Answer-The maintenance of a constant internal environment. What does homeostasis control? - Correct Answer-blood glucose levels, body temperature, pH levels, etc. How does homeostasis work? - Correct Answer-The body must be able to detect and respond to changes in the environment to stay alive. What is a stimulus? - Correct Answer-A change in the internal or external environment. What is a receptor? - Correct Answer-A type of nerve cell that may be located in sense organs. Mechanoreceptors respond to... - Correct Answer-touch, pressure, vibration, stretch Chemoreceptors respond to... - Correct Answer-chemicals Thermoreceptors respond to... - Correct Answer-temperature Photoreceptors respond to... - Correct Answer-light What is the control centre? - Correct Answer-Specialised cells that are located within the brain and spinal cord. What does a control centre do? - Correct Answer-Receives and processes the information from the receptor, determines an appropriate response and sends response to the effector. What does a receptor do? - Correct Answer-Detects certain types of stimuli depending on type and sends the gathered information to the control centre. What is an effector? - Correct Answer-A muscle or gland What does an effector do? - Correct Answer-Produces a response which regulates the body to its ideal state. What is negative feedback? - Correct Answer-When the end results of an action oppose that action from continuing to occur. What is positive feedback? - Correct Answer-When the end products of an action cause more of that action to occur. What is the nervous system? - Correct Answer-A complex yet highly organised network of specialised cells that allow the brain to deal with information (both internal and external) accordingly. What are the main functions of the nervous system? - Correct Answer-To receive, process and coordinate a response to information. What are the two parts of the nervous system? - Correct Answer-Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System What is the CNS composed of? - Correct Answer-brain and spinal cord What is the PNS composed of? - Correct Answer-nerves and ganglia What is ganglia? - Correct Answer-clusters of cell bodies in the PNS What is the CNS in charge of? - Correct Answer-Controlling the activity of other organs What is the PNS in charge of? - Correct Answer-Relaying information to and from the CNS What are the two parts of the PNS? - Correct Answer-autonomic and somatic What is a brain? - Correct Answer-Control center of the body What does the brain do? - Correct Answer-receives, processes and creates responds to information by controlling body functions What is a spinal cord? - Correct Answer-Long bundle of nerve tissue that extends from the base of the brain to the lower back area What does the spinal cord do? - Correct Answer-transmits information to and from the brain What happens when spinal cord injury occurs? - Correct Answer-The brain loses some/all of its ability to gain and share information throughout the body. The higher up spinal cord injury is... - Correct Answer-the higher the number of nerve connections the injury severs What does the SNS do? - Correct Answer-Controls voluntary functions of the skeletal and muscle systems; coordinates reflexes What does the ANS do? - Correct Answer-Controls involuntary functions; connects the CNS to other internal organs. Afferent information is... - Correct Answer-sensory information coming into the CNS Efferent information is... - Correct Answer-Motor information leaving the CNS What is the ANS split into? - Correct Answer-sympathetic and parasympathetic What does the sympathetic nervous system do? - Correct Answer-Increases activity in fight or flight situations What does the parasympathetic nervous system do? - Correct Answer-Decreases activity in rest and digest situations What is a neuron? - Correct Answer-a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system What are the functions of a neuron? - Correct Answer-processing information, communicating with other neurons, sending messages to body organs and muscles What are the types of neurons? - Correct Answer-sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons What is the soma also known as? - Correct Answer-cell body What does the soma do? - Correct Answer-integrates information, controls the cell's functions and produces protein for the cell Where is the nucleus located? - Correct Answer-Centre of the cell body What are appendages that extend from the soma called? - Correct Answer-Processes What are the two types of processes? - Correct Answer-axons and dendrites What do dendrites do? - Correct Answer-receive messages from other cells What do axons do? - Correct Answer-conduct impulses away from the cell body Dendrite signals can be either... - Correct Answer-excitatory or inhibitory What does excitatory mean? - Correct Answer-increases likelihood of neurons firing What happens if a neuron fires? - Correct Answer-A neural message (action potential) is conducted down the axon. What does inhibitory mean? - Correct Answer-decreases likelihood of neurons firing What are action potentials? - Correct Answer-Electrical impulses that are carried along the lengths of the axons What does the myelin sheath do? - Correct Answer-covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses What are myelin sheaths made of? - Correct Answer-Fat and protein Where are myelinated neurons mostly found? - Correct Answer-PNS Where are non-myelinated neurons found? - Correct Answer-CNS What is a Schwann cell? - Correct Answer-They are smaller cells made of of fat and make up the Myelin Sheath What is are the Nodes of Ranvier? - Correct Answer-gaps in the myelin sheath What is multiple sclerosis? - Correct Answer-An autoimmune disease where the body mistakenly attacks the CNS How does multiple sclerosis occur? - Correct Answer-The immune system damages myelin What happens when myelin is damaged? - Correct Answer-Messages can no longer be clearly transmitted throughout the body What are the symptoms of multiple sclerosis? - Correct Answer-visual disturbances, weakness, loss of muscular control and memory loss What are nerves? - Correct Answer-bundles of axons What do sensory neurons do? - Correct Answer-They specialise in sending sensory information to the CNS from receptors What do interneurons do? - Correct Answer-They serve as a communication link between the other neurons Where are interneurons located? - Correct Answer-CNS What do motor neurons do? - Correct Answer-They specialise in sending motor information from the CNS to effectors What does S A M E stand for? - Correct Answer-sensory (