BCBA 2023 Exam with Complete Solutions

3 levels of scientific understanding - ANSWER-DPC Description Prediction Control Description - ANSWER-Systematic observations that can be quantified & classified Prediction - ANSWER-AKA: correlation; covariation 2 events may regularly occur at the same time. This does not mean one causes the other Control - ANSWER-AKA: causation Functional relation. The highest level of scientific understanding. Experimental demonstration that manipulating one event (IV) results in another event (DV). 6 attitudes of science Philosophical assumptions of bx - ANSWER-DEER PP Determinism Empiricism Experimentation Replication Parimony Philosophical Doubt Determinism - ANSWER-Cause & effect Lawfulness Orderly & predictable Empiricism - ANSWER-Facts Experimental, data-based scientific approach, drawing upon observation & experience. Requires objective qualification & detailed description of events. Experimentation - ANSWER-Basic strategy of most sciences. Requires manipulating variables to see effects on DV. Experiment to determine if one event caused another. Replication - ANSWER-Repeating experiments Parisomy - ANSWER-The simplest theory. All simple & logical explanations must be ruled out first before complex explanations. Philosophical Doubt - ANSWER-Having healthy skepticism & a critical eye 7 dimensions of ABA - ANSWER-BATCAGE or GET A CAB Behavioral Applied Technological Conceptually Systematic Analytic Generality Effective Behavioral - ANSWER-Observable events. Must be a bx in need of improvement. Applied - ANSWER-Socially significant bxs Technological - ANSWER-Procedures clearly & precisely so they are replicable. RECIPE Conceptually Systematic - ANSWER-Procedures should be based on principles of ABA Analytic - ANSWER-AKA: Functional Relation, Experimentation, Control, Causation A functional relation is demonstrated. Generality - ANSWER-AKA: Generalization Extends bx change across time, settings, or other bxs Effective - ANSWER-Improves bx in a practical manner Mentalism Terminology - ANSWER-Hypothetical Constructs Explanatory Fictions Circular Reasoning 4 Branches of Behavior Analysis - ANSWER-CASE Conceptual Analysis of Behavior ABA Behavior Service Delivery Experimental Analysis of Bx (EAB) 2 types of bx - ANSWER-Respondent Operant Respondent Bx - ANSWER-AKA: Reflex, Reflexive Relations, Unconditioned, US-UR Elicited Involuntary Reflex Habituation Habituation - ANSWER-Eliciting stimulus is presented repeatedly that respondent bx diminishes Phylogenic - ANSWER-Bx that is genetic Respondent conditioning - ANSWER-AKA: Classical Conditioning, Pavlovian Conditioning, S-S Pairing, CS-CR When new stimuli acquire the ability to elicit respondents. Operant Behavior - ANSWER-AKA: S-R-S, 3 term contingency, ABC Emit/evoke Bx whose probability is determined by its history of consequences. Voluntary action. Operants defined in terms of their relationship to controlling variables. FUNCTION. Encompasses both reinforcement & punishment. Adaptation Adaptation - ANSWER-Reductions in responding by repeated or prolonged presentation to antecedent stimulus. Ontogentic - ANSWER-Learning that results from interactions with environment Operant Contingency - ANSWER-AKA: Behavioral Contingency, Contingency, 3-term Contingency, ABC The occasion for a response (SD), the response, & the outcome. The dependency of a particular consequence on the occurrence of the bx. Reinforcer or punisher is "contingent" on a bx 3-term contingency ABC - ANSWER-What is the primary analysis in ABA? Contiguity - ANSWER-When 2 stimuli occur close together in time, resulting in an association of those 2 stimuli. 3 Principles of Bx - ANSWER-PER Punishment Extinction Reinforcement All strategies are derived from these 3 principles. applied - ANSWER-ABA is a(n) _______ science. ABA - ANSWER-A scientific approach for discovering environmental variables that reliably influence socially significant bx & for developing a technology of bx change that is practical & applicable Science - ANSWER-To achieve a thorough understanding of the phenomena under study (socially significant bxs) Response - ANSWER-A single instance of bx. Behavior - ANSWER-Larger set/class or responses that share physical dimensions or functions. Response Class - ANSWER-A group of bxs that comprise an operant. Operant: Response-consequence relationship. Similar bxs that are strengthened or weakened collectively as a result of operant conditioning. Yes. Can widely vary in form but are limited in topographical variations. - ANSWER-Can responses in the same response class look different? Repertoire - ANSWER-1. All bxs that an individual can do. 2. A collection of knowledge & skills an individual has learned that are relevant to a particular task. Environment - ANSWER-Complex, dynamic universe of events that differs from instance to instance. All bx occurs within an environmental context. Stimulus - ANSWER-Physical events that affect the bx of an individual. Internal or external to the individual. An energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells. Stimulus Class - ANSWER-A group of antecedent stimuli that have a common effect on an operant class. Group members of a stimulus class tend to evoke or abate the same bx or response class, yet may vary across physical dimensions. 3 Types of Stimulus Classes - ANSWER-FTF (For The Fun) Formal: Physical features Temporal: time Functional: effect of the stimulus on the bx, can be multiple functions of a single stimulus Feature Stimulus Class - ANSWER-Stimuli share: common topographies relative relations INFINITE number of stimuli developed through stimulus generalization Arbitrary Stimulus Class - ANSWER-Stimuli that evoke the same response, but they do NOT share a common stimulus feature. They do not physically look alike or share a relative relationship. LIMITED number of stimuli Developed through stimulus equivalence. Consequences - ANSWER-Only affect FUTURE bx. Consequences select response classes, NOT individual responses. Immediate consequences have the greatest effect. Automaticity (of R & P) - ANSWER-A person does not have to know what a consequence means for it to work. Automatic Reinforcement - ANSWER-AKA: Sensory, Self-Stimualtory Bxs, Stereotypy Reinforcement that occurs independent of the social mediation of others. Because it feels good! WARNING!! What looks like automatic reinforcement (i.e. hand flapping) might not be. Automatic Punishment - ANSWER-Punishment that occurs independent of the social mediation of others. Reinforcement - ANSWER-Does NOT only strengthen rate. Also strengthen: -Duration -Latency -Magnitude -Topography What happens right before reinforcement will be reinforced. Delayed consequence are not technically reinforcement, but they can influence bx. What Reinforcement Does - ANSWER--Makes antecedent stimulus conditions relevant. -Changes what comes after bx & what comes before bx. -Creates stimulus control -depends on motivation Unwanted effects of Reinforcement - ANSWER--Effects of reinforcement can be temporary. -Ethical concerns arise from the severity of the EO that occasions the bx. -Relying on the use of contrived reinforcers as opposed to natural reinforcers. -Using potential reinforcers that may be harmful to long-term health or require undesirably marked deprivation procedures as MOs NOT TRUE -Giving reinforcement will result in loss of intrinsic motivation. -People confusing reinforcement with bribery. Reinforcement TRUMPS Punishment - ANSWER-You should recommend reinforcement rather than punishment WHENEVER POSSIBLE Positive Reinforcement - ANSWER-AKA: Type 1 Reinforcement; Sr+ A PROCESS that occurs when a bx is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases FUTURE frequency of the bx in similar conditions. MOST IMPORTANT & WIDELY USED CONCEPT IN ABA. 5 Types of Positive Reinforcers - ANSWER-EATSS Edible Activity Tangible Social Sensory Negative Reinforcement - ANSWER-AKA: Type II Reinforcement; Sr- A PROCESS that occurs when a bx is followed immediately by the REDUCTION or REMOVAL of a stimulus that increases the FUTURE frequency of the bx in similar conditions. 2 Types of Negative Reinforcement - ANSWER-1. Escape 2. Avoidance Escape - ANSWER-A bx allows escape from an ongoing aversive stimulus. Avoidance - ANSWER-A response that prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus. 2 Types: -Discriminated Avoidance -Free-Operant Avoidance Discriminated Avoidance - ANSWER-A contingency in which responding in the presence of a signal prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is a reinforcer. Free-Operant Avoidance - ANSWER-NO WARNING. A contingency in which responses at any time during the interval prior to the scheduled onset of an aversive stimulus. The avoidance bx is "FREE" to occur at any time. Ethical Warning about Negative Reinforcement - ANSWER-Creating an aversive condition for the individual is unethical & may even bring about more challenging bxs! Unconditioned Reinforcer/Reinforcement - ANSWER-AKA: UCR; Primary Reinforcer; Unlearned Reinforcer A stimulus change that can increase the future frequency of bx without prior pairing without any other form of reinforcement. -No learning history required. -Products of phylogeny. All members of a species generally share the same UCRs. Conditioned Reinforcer/Reinforcement - ANSWER-AKA: CR; Secondary Reinforcer; Learned Reinforcer When a previously neutral stimulus acquired the ability to function as a reinforcer through S-S pairing with one or more unconditioned or conditioned reinforcers. -Learning history required. -Products of ontogency. Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer - ANSWER-AKA: Generalized Reinforcer; GCSR A type of conditioned reinforcer that has been paired with many unconditioned & conditioned reinforcers. -Does not depend on an MO for its effectiveness. -They are likely to be reinforcing at any time. -Same reinforcement is given to people with different preferences. Punishment - ANSWER-AKA: SD-; SDP; SP; Punishment-based SD When a response if followed immediately by a stimulus that decreases the FUTURE frequency of similar responses. -Defined by function, not topography. -Defined by future effects on bx. -2-term contingency: Behavior-->Consequence -Becomes 3-term contingency when you add the antecedent, "Discriminative Effects of Punishment", when punishment occurs only in some conditions & not in others. Threats are not punishment - ANSWER-If a person stops a bx when you threaten them, this is NOT bc of punishment. But bc the threat functions as the MO that evokes alternative bxs that avoid the threatened punishment. Recovery from Punishment - ANSWER-When punishment is stopped, the effects on bx are not permanent. Equivalent to extinction for reinforcement. Unwanted effect of Punishment - ANSWER--Society dislikes this -Effect of punishment can be temporary -People who are doing the procedures may be negatively reinforced by their bx. -Does not address the cause of the challenging bx -Emotional & aggressive reactions -Escape & avoidance of ppl and settings -Requires lots of supervision, resources & time -Behavioral Contrast Punisher - ANSWER-A stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of the bx that immediately precedes it Positive Punishment - ANSWER-AKA: Type I Punishment A PROCESS that occurs when a stimulus is added immediately following a bx that results in a decrease in FUTURE frequency of the bx. 5 Types of Positive Punishment Interventions - ANSWER-ROSER Reprimands Overcorrection Shock/Contingent Electrical Stimulation/ECT Exercise/Contingent Exercise Response Blocking Overcorrection - ANSWER-2 Types: 1. Restitutional Overcorrection: repair environment better than original state 2. Positive Practice Overcorrection: individual is required to correctly repeat bx for a certain amount of time or a certain number of times Exercise/Contingent Exercise - ANSWER-An individual is required to perform a response not topographically related to the bx. Response Blocking - ANSWER-Physically intervening as soon as individual begins to emit bx to "block" the completion of the response Negative Punishment - ANSWER-AKA: Type II Punishment; Penalty Principle; Penalty Contingency A PROCESS when a response is immediately followed by removal of a stimulus (or decrease in intensity of stimulus) that decreases the FUTURE frequency of similar responses Negative Punishment Procedures - ANSWER-Response Cost Time-Out Response Cost - ANSWER-Loss of a specific amount of reinforcement contingent on a bx. -Produces mod-to-rapid decrease in bx 2 Methods 1. Bonus Response Cost 2. Direct Fines **Watch out for ethical issues associated with removing reinforcers Bonus Response Cost - ANSWER-When you make additional non-contingent reinforcers available to the individual & then take those away. Example: Students usually get 15 minutes of recess daily, but you give them a "bonus" 15 minutes, so you can take away those extra minutes. Direct Fines - ANSWER-Direct loss of positive reinforcers Time-Out - ANSWER-AKA: Time-Out from Positive Reinforcement 2 Types: 1. Non-Exclusionary Time-Out 2. Exclusionary Time-Out **Ethical issues about duration & conditions of time-out Non-Exclusionary Time-Out - ANSWER-Individual not removed from space. Preferred over exclusionary bc it is less restrictive. 4 Types: (IWOR) 1. Ignoring/Planned ignoring 2. Withdrawal of a Specific Positive Reinforcer 3. Observation/Contingent Observation 4. Ribbon/Time-Out Ribbon Ignoring/Planned Ignoring - ANSWER-social reinforcers removed for a specific amount of time Withdrawal of a Specific Positive Reinforcer - ANSWER-Taking something preferred away Observation/Contingent Observation - ANSWER-Individual is re-positioned in room, so they can observe everything, but not participate. Ribbon/Time-Out Ribbon - ANSWER-Colored band placed on individual's wrist. This becomes discriminated for getting reinforcement. Ribbon on = can earn reinforcement Ribbon off = cannot earn reinforcement Exclusionary Time-Out - ANSWER-Individual removed from space. 3 Types: (RPH) 1. Room/Time-Out Room 2. Partition Time-Out 3. Hallway Time-Out Room/Time-Out Room - ANSWER-Confined space outside of normal environment; devoid of positive reinforcers. -Individual safely placed -Should be located near time-in setting -minimal furnishing Partition Time-Out - ANSWER-Individual remains in room, but view is restricted by wall or partition Hallway Time-Out - ANSWER-Individual sits in hallway Positive Punishment & Negative Reinforcement - ANSWER-Aversive Control Unconditioned Punishers/Punishment - ANSWER-AKA: UCP; Primary Punisher; Unlearned Punisher A stimulus change that decreases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism's learning history with the stimulus. -No learning history required. -Product of phylogeny. All members of species generally share the same unconditioned punishers. Conditioned Punishers/Punishment - ANSWER-AKA: CP; Secondary Punisher; Learned Punisher A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher bc of prior pairing with 1 or more punishers. -Learning history required. -Products of ontogeny. Generalized Conditioned Punishers - ANSWER-AKA: Generalized Punisher A type of conditioned punisher that has been paired with MANY unconditioned & conditioned punishers. -Does NOT depend on an MO for its effectiveness. Verbal Analog Conditioning - ANSWER-Verbal pairing procedure without direct pairing Extinction - ANSWER-AKA: EXT; Operant Extinction A procedure where maintaining reinforcement is not longer provided, to decrease future bx. -Not punishment -Ext will be more rapid for bx maintained on CRF schedule Unwanted effects of Extinction - ANSWER--Extinction bursts -Extinction induced aggression -Difficult to use on clients that rarely display the target bx -Difficult to know what the reinforcer is for a bx -Difficult or dangerous to ignore -Extinction NOT used in a tx package can cause ethical concerns What Extinction is NOT - ANSWER--Ignoring -Does not refer to a decrease in bx -Response blocking -NCR 3 Types of Extinction - ANSWER-PAN Positive Reinforcement Automatic Reinforcement (AKA Sensory Extinction) Negative Reinforcement (AKA Escape Extinction) Extinction Burst - ANSWER-The Burst is First Immediate increase in frequency of responding Spontaneous Recovery - ANSWER-Bx diminished during extinction reoccurs even though bx does not produce reinforcement Resistance to Extinction - ANSWER-1. Long history of reinforcement 2. Intermittent schedules 3. High quality reinforcer 4. Large amount of reinforcer 5. Response requiring little effort 6. Number of previous extinction trials (relates to intermittent schedules) Operant Extinction - ANSWER-withholding reinforcement when bx occurs Respondent Extinction - ANSWER-un-pairing of CS & US Antecedent Control - ANSWER-Response is altered in the presence of an antecedent stimulus. Factors Affecting Stimulus Control - ANSWER-1. Pre-attending skills 2. Stimulus Salience: prominence of the stimulus in person's environment Discriminative Stimulus - ANSWER-AKA: SD Let's you know that reinforcement is available Stimulus Delta - ANSWER-AKA: S∆ Stimulus that tells that reinforcement is not available OR has NOT received reinforcement in the past "Repertoire-Altering Effect" - ANSWER-SDs & MOs in combo MO - ANSWER-Something that changes the value of a stimulus as a reinforcer. Stimulus Generalization - ANSWER-Same bx, different conditions -loose stimulus control -WITHIN Stimulus Class Example: All shades of green Stimulus Discrimination - ANSWER-New stimuli do NOT evoke the same response as the controlling stimulus -tight stimulus control -BETWEEN/ACROSS Stimulus Classes Example: Green vs. other colors Stimulus Discrimination Training - ANSWER-AKA: Discrimination Training A procedure where responses are reinforced in the presence of one stimulus condition (SD) and NOT in the presence of other (S∆) Generalization Gradient - ANSWER-AKA: Stimulus Generalization Gradient A Graph of the extent to which bx has been reinforced in the presence of a specific stimulus condition is emitted in the presence of other stimuli Flat Slope = little stimulus control Increasing Slope = more stimulus control Concept - ANSWER-NOT mentalism Product of both stimulus generalization & stimulus discrimination. Requires an individual to discriminate between what is included & what is excluded from a stimulus class. Simple Discrimination - ANSWER-Antecedent evokes or abates the bx. -3-term contingency involved (SD-->Response-->Consequence) Conditional Discrimination - ANSWER-Only if the particular antecedent stimuli are presented & accompanied by particular additional stimuli, then you reinforce that response. -Role of one SD is CONDITIONAL on the presence of another SD -4 -term contingency (conditional stimuli--> antecedent stimuli-->response-->consequence) -Different contexts can change effects of discriminative stimuli Matching-to-Sample - ANSWER-selecting a comparison stimulus corresponding to a sample stimulus Identity Matching-to-Sample - ANSWER-sample & comparison stimuli are physically identical Symbolic Matching-to-Sample - ANSWER-relation between the sample & comparison stimuli is arbitrary Example: picture of baby to word "baby" Stimulus Equivalence - ANSWER-Emergence of accurate responding to un-trained & non-reinforced S-S relations following the reinforcement of responses to some S-S relations If A=B, & B=C, then A=C 3 Parts of Stimulus Equivalence - ANSWER-RST Reflexivity Symmetry Transitivity Reflexivity - ANSWER-AKA: Generalized Identify Matching simple non-symbolic matching-to-sample (picture of baby to picture of baby) A=A Symmetry - ANSWER-Reversibility of the sample stimulus & comparison stimulus A=B, then B=A Transitivity - ANSWER-FINAL & CRITICAL TEST for stimulus equivalence Requires demonstration of 3 untrained S-S sequences A=B & B=C, THEREFORE A=C Equivalence Class - ANSWER-Results from stimulus equivalence training Rule-Governed Bx - ANSWER-AKA:Rule Governance; Rule Control; Rules A verbal description of a behavioral contingency. -used for consequences that are too delayed to influence bx directly -reinforcement is often DELAYED Contingency-Shaped Bx - ANSWER-AKA: Contingency Control When bx is directly controlled by a contingency, NOT rules -Consequences must occur 0-60 seconds following the response Motivating Operation (MO) - ANSWER-Describes an environmental variable that: -alters (increase or decreases) the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus -alters (increases or decreases) the current frequency of all bx that have been reinforced by that stimulus 2 Types of MOs - ANSWER-Establishing Operation (EO) Abolishing Operation (AO) Establishing Operation - ANSWER-INCREASES the effectiveness of a stimulus as a reinforcer. Makes something MORE desirable to you Abolishing Operation - ANSWER-DECREASES the effectiveness of a stimulus as a reinforcer. Makes something LESS desirable to you Unconditioned Motivating Operations (UMOs) - ANSWER-For all organisms, there are events, operations, & stimulus conditions with value-altering motivating effects that are UNLEARNED 1. Food Deprivation 2. Sleep Deprivation 3. Oxygen Deprivation 4. Water Deprivation 5. Activity Deprivation 6. Sex Deprivation 7. Becoming too warm 8. Becoming too cold 9. Increase in pain Conditioned Motivating Operations (CMOs) - ANSWER-A LEARNED relation between the nature & value of an antecedent stimulus & the nature of a response Example: keys Ethical Issues about MOs - ANSWER-Minimize the use of items that may be harmful to the long-term health of client, or that may require undesirably marked deprivation procedures as MOs Surrogate MO (CMO-S) - ANSWER-Alters value of consequences that are under the control of an MO with which it has been paired. PAIRING PROCESS WITH ANOTHER MO Tip: does the question describe a pairing process? Reflexive MO - ANSWER-CMO-R Condition or objects that acquire their effectiveness as MOs by PRECEDING a situation that either is WORSENING or is IMPROVING. -escape or avoidance would be highly reinforcing -they signal aversive events may be coming Tip: does the question describe an aversive event coming soon? Transitive MO - ANSWER-CMO-T An environmental variable that establishes (or abolishes) the reinforcing effectiveness of another stimulus & thereby evokes (or abates) the bx that has been reinforced by that other stimulus Overgeneralization - ANSWER-emitting a response appropriate to some contexts in an inappropriate context Response Generalization - ANSWER-AKA: Response Induction Individual exhibits novice responses that are functionally equivalent to the trained target response. Induction = Introduction (Response Induction is the INTRODUCTION of novel responses) 7 Strategies to Promote Generalization - ANSWER-CLEMING Common Stimuli Exemplars Mediation Indiscriminable Contingencies Negative Teaching Examples General Case Analysis Indiscriminable Contingencies - ANSWER-contingency in which individual is not able to DISCRIMINATE when response will be reinforced 2 ways to create indiscriminable contingencies - ANSWER-1. Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement 2. Delayed Rewards Maintenance - ANSWER-Following removal of intervention, the extent to which an response remains in the individual's repertoire OVER TIME. Verbal Behavior - ANSWER-Created by Skinner Bx that is reinforced through the mediation of another's person's bx. Communication that helps individuals get what they want & avoid what they don't. Not necessarily vocal. Private Events - ANSWER-Events taking place inside the skin. Thoughts & Feelings. Speaker - ANSWER-Gains access to reinforcement & controls their environment though the bx of listener. Listener - ANSWER-Must learn how to reinforce the speaker's verbal bx. 6 Elementary Verbal Operants - ANSWER-EMITTT Echoic Mand Interverbal Tact Textual Transcription Echoic - ANSWER-AKA: Verbal Imitation Speaker repeats the verbal bx of another speaker. Controlled by the VERBAL DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULUS. Produces GENERALIZED CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT. Has point-to-point correspondence & formal similarity. Echoic Training - ANSWER-Bringing verbal responses under the functional control of verbal SDs that have point-to-point correspondence & formal similarity with the response. End Goal: to transfer the response form to other, more advanced verbal operants. Taught through shaping. Mand - ANSWER-Speaker asks for what he/she needs or wants. Controlled by MOs. Occurs due to state of deprivation or aversive stimulation. Reinforced by ATTAINING THE MANDED ITEMS. First verbal operant acquired by humans. Mand Training - ANSWER-Involves bringing verbal responses under the functional control of MOs. Intraverbal - ANSWER-Speaker deferentially responds to other people. ANSWERING A QUESTION. Verbal SD evokes a verbal response that does NOT have point-to-point correspondence with verbal stimulus. Produces GENERALIZED CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT. Intraverbal Training - ANSWER-Involves bringing verbal responses under the functional control of verbal SDs that lack point-to-point correspondence with the response. Tact - ANSWER-Speaker names things & actions that the speaker has direct contact with through any of the sense modes. LABELING THE ENVIRONMENT. Controlled by a NONVERBAL SD. Produces GENERALIZED CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT. Tact Training - ANSWER-Involves bringing verbal responses under the functional control of nonverbal SDs. Similar to teaching mands Tact Extensions - ANSWER-There are many ways to describe the same thing. Types of Tact Extensions - ANSWER-SMMG Solistic Extension Metaphorical Extension Metonymical Extension Generic Extension Textual - ANSWER-Reading, without implication that the reader understands what is read. READING WRITTEN WORDS. VERBAL SD has point-to-point correspondence, but no formal similarity Produces GENERALIZED CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT. Transcription - ANSWER-Writing & spelling words spoken to you. TAKING DICTATION. Controlled by spoken VERBAL SD Point-to-point correspondence but no formal similarity Produces GENERALIZED CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT. Autoclitic - ANSWER-Verbal bx about one's own verbal bx. Secondary verbal operant. Modifies other forms of verbal bx. Schedules of Reinforcement - ANSWER-A rule that describes a contingency of reinforcement. Determines conditions by which bxs will be reinforced. Continuous Reinforcement (CRF) - ANSWER-Provides reinforcement for every occurence of bx. Used for strengthening novel bxs. Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement - ANSWER-INT Between CRF & EXT Some, but not all, occurrences of bx are reinforced. Used for maintaining bxs that have already been established. 4 Basic Schedules of INT Reinforcement - ANSWER-FVFV Fixed Ratio Variable Ratio Fixed Interval Variable Interval Fixed Ratio (FR) - ANSWER-Constant, set criteria of number of responses of bx that have to occur before reinforcement. Postreinforcement Pause High rates of responses Graph=STEPS Variable Ratio - ANSWER-STRONGEST basic schedule of INT reinforcement. Average of occurrences of the target bx before reinforcement. Produces consistent, steady rates of response. Fast rate of responses Graph=super fast & steep Fixed Interval (FI) - ANSWER-Constant specific amount of time elapses before a single response produces reinforcement. SCALLOP. SLow-to-moderate rate of responses. Graph=FISH Variable Interval - ANSWER-VI Average amount of time elapses before single correct response produces reinforcement. Constant, stable rate of responding. Few hesitations between responses. Low-to-moderate rate of responding Graph=not steep Thinning INT Reinforcement - ANSWER-AKA: Schedule Thinning Gradually increasing the response ratio or the duration of the time interval. Ratio Strain - ANSWER-A result of abrupt increases in ratio requirements when moving from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules. Common behavioral characteristics are avoidance, aggression, etc. Reduce the ratio requirement - ANSWER-How can ratio strain be reduced? Limited Hold - ANSWER-AKA: LH A restriction placed on an interval schedule requiring that to e eligible for reinforcement, the response must occur within a specified span of time following that interval. Can be imposed on any type of schedule. Limited Time 3 Variations of INT Schedules of Reinforcement - ANSWER-HDL (Heavy Duty Love) DRH DRD DRL Differential Reinforcement of High Rates of Responding (DRH) - ANSWER-Provides reinforcement for emitting bxs that are at or above a pre-established rate. Helps to INCREASE bx. Differential Reinforcement of Diminishing Rates of Responding (DRD) - ANSWER-Provides reinforcement when the number of responses in a specified time period is less than, or equal to, a prescribed limit. Helps to DECREASE bx, BUT not to eliminate it entirely. Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Responding (DRL) - ANSWER-Provides reinforcement only if the bx occurs following a specific period of time during which it did not occur or since the last time it occurred. INCREASING IRT, to lower rate of responding. DECREASE bx, but not to eliminate it entirely. Progressive Schedules of Reinforcement - ANSWER-Systematically increasing the requirements for reinforcement. Thinned to the "breaking point", when the participant stops responding. 7 Compound Schedules of Reinforcement - ANSWER-CMCMTAC Concurrent Schedules of Reinforcement Multiple Schedules of Reinforcement Chained Schedules of Reinforcement Mixed Schedules of Reinforcement Tandem Schedules of Reinforcement Alternative Schedules of Reinforcement Conjunctive Schedules of Reinforcement Concurrent Schedules of Reinforcement (conc) - ANSWER-1. 2 or more contingencies of reinforcement 2. operate independently & simultaneously 3. for 2 or more bxs Choice-making. Matching Law is part of this schedule Matching Law - ANSWER-AKA: Matching Theory A phenomenon in which an organism MATCHES their responses according to the highest rate of reinforcement. Multiple Schedules of Reinforcement (mult) - ANSWER-Presents 2 or more basic schedules of reinforcement in an alternating, usually random, sequence for ONLY 1 or more bx. Schedules occur successively & independently. SD is correlated with each schedule.