ACT Prep Exam Latest with complete solution 2023 update

ACT Prep Exam Latest with complete solution 2023 update Acceleration - ANSWER The rate of change of velocity Acidic - ANSWER Having a pH less than 7 Acute - ANSWER (adj.) refers to an angle that is less than 90 degrees; (adj.) refers to a triangle with angles that are all less than 90 degrees; sharp; quick and precise; intense Aerobic Respiration - ANSWER The breakdown of glucose in the body of an animal to supply muscles with oxygen. Aerosol - ANSWER Solid or liquid particles suspended in gas Alkalinity - ANSWER Having a pH greater than 7 (contrast with acidic, which is having a pH less than 7). Amino Acids - ANSWER Various organic compounds that link together to form proteins. Anatomical - ANSWER Related to the structure of an organism Antigen - ANSWER A substance such as a toxin or enzyme capable of eliciting an immune response. Antitoxin - ANSWER An antibody created for and capable of neneutralizing a toxin Bacteria - ANSWER Single-celled microorganisms Basalt - ANSWER Solidified lava; a dense, gray, fine-grained igneous rock Biomass - ANSWER Total mass of all the living matter within a given area Biosynthesis - ANSWER The production of a chemical compound within the body Boiling Point - ANSWER The temperature a liquid must be to change states from liquid to gas Capillary - ANSWER A very slim tube; one of a network of extremely small blood vessels Carbohydrate - ANSWER Sugars and starches that serve as a major energy source for animals Catalyst - ANSWER An agent that causes or speeds up a chemical reaction Celsius - ANSWER A temperature scale in which the freezing point of water is 0 degrees and the boiling point is 100 degrees under normal atmospheric conditions Cerebral Edema - ANSWER Brain swelling Chlorophyll - ANSWER A green pigment produced in response to sunlight during photosynthesis. Cholesterol - ANSWER A soft, waxy compound found in the body and in the food we eat. Collinear - ANSWER 23 of 450 Collinear Passing through or lying on the same straight line. Comet - ANSWER A celestial body, having an elongated, curved vapor tail, which is seen only in that part of its orbit that is relatively close to the sun Common Difference - ANSWER The equal distance between one number in an arithmetic sequence and the next (for example, the common difference between 4, 6, and 8 is 2.). Common Ratio - ANSWER The ratio of one term and the next in a geometric sequence (for example, the common ratio between 2, 4, and 8 is 4/2 and 8/4, or 2.) Compressibility - ANSWER The ease with which pressure can alter the volume of matter Congruent - ANSWER Equal in length or measure Cos - ANSWER Abbreviation of cosine Cosine - ANSWER The ratio of the adjacent side (with respect to the angle of reference) to the hypotenuse in a right triangle Cube - ANSWER A term raised to the third power; a regular solid having six congruent faces Cubic Inch - ANSWER The volume of a cube with edges that all measure one inch. Cylindrical - ANSWER Having the shape of a cylinder, or a solid with circular ends and straight sides Diagonal - ANSWER A line segment joining two nonadjacent vertices of a polygon or solid (polyhedron). Dilute - ANSWER To weaken the strength of a solution Directly Proportional - ANSWER Increasing or decreasing together or with the same ratio Ecology - ANSWER The field of science that concentrates on relationships between organisms and their environments Emissions - ANSWER Things that are discharged (often gases into the air). Emit - ANSWER To release particles such as light, heat, or gases. Epicanthic Fold - ANSWER A fold of skin of the upper eyelid that only partly covers the eye's inner corner Equilibrium - ANSWER A state of balance Erosion - ANSWER The wearing away of an object by outside forces, like wind or water Evaporate - ANSWER To draw away moisture and convert into vapor Experimental Variables - ANSWER Elements of an experiment that are changed (distinguished from the constant, which is held the same in order to produce significant results). Fahrenheit - ANSWER A temperature scale in which the freezing point of water is 32 degrees and the boiling point is 212 degrees under normal atmospheric conditions Fermentation - ANSWER The chemical process of breaking down an organic substance into simpler substances such as the fermentation of sugar to alcohol Friction - ANSWER The force resistant to motion Galvanism - ANSWER A direct electrical current produced by chemical reactions Gas - ANSWER A fluid (such as air) that is not independent in shape or volume but tends to expand Gas Chromatograph - ANSWER A device used to detect the composition of an unknown material Gastric Emptying - ANSWER The movement of the stomach's contents from the stomach to the small intestine, and finally into the colon Gravity - ANSWER The force of attraction between two bodies of mass Herbivorous - ANSWER A plant-eating organism Hydrogen Bonding - ANSWER The chemical bonding of a hydrogen atom with another electronegative atom. Hypotenuse - ANSWER The longest side of a right triangle, which is always the side opposite the right (90°) angle. Igneous Rock - ANSWER Rock that is formed by the cooling and solidification of molten magma Ignition Temperature - ANSWER The temperature that a fuel must reach before combustion can begin Infrared - ANSWER Light energy having a wavelength greater the visible range; it is experienced as heat. Interior Angle - ANSWER An angle inside of a shape (that is, all of the interior angles in a triangle have a sum of 180 degrees). Intracellular - ANSWER Within a cell or cells Isosceles Triangle - ANSWER A triangle with two congruent sides and two congruent angles Isotopes - ANSWER Two or more atoms with an identical atomic number and differing in number of neutrons. Kelvin - ANSWER A temperature scale in which absolute zero is 0 degrees K, the freezing point of water is 273 degrees K, and the boiling point of water is 373 degrees K Law of Sines - ANSWER The relationship within a triangle of the sine of angles and the lengths of sides of a triangle. Least Common Denominator (LCD) - ANSWER The smallest number (other than 0) that is a multiple of a set of denominators (for example, the LCD of 14and16 1 4 and 1 6 is 12). Least Common Multiple (LCM) - ANSWER The smallest number that is a multiple of a set of numbers (for example, the LCM of 6 and 9 is 18). Linear - ANSWER Relating to a line Lipid - ANSWER An oily/waxy organic compound that cannot be dissolved in water Liquid - ANSWER a substance that is neither a solid nor a gas; (adj.) flowing Lithosphere - ANSWER The outer part of the Earth that includes the crust and upper mantle. Log - ANSWER Abbreviation of logarithm. Logarithms are used to indicate exponents of certain numbers called bases. By definition, logab=c if ac=b (for example, logx36=2 if x2=36. In this case, x=6.) Macrophages - ANSWER Protective cells Manometer - ANSWER A device that measures the pressure of liquids and gases. Matrix - ANSWER Rows and columns of elements arranged in a rectangle Mean (also Arithmetic Mean) - ANSWER average; found by adding all the terms in a set and dividing by the number of terms Median - ANSWER The middle value in a set of ordered numbers. If the set of numbers is even, it is the average (mean) of the two middle values. Melting Point - ANSWER The temperature at which a solid softens into a liquid. Mesosphere - ANSWER A layer of the atmosphere fifty to eighty kilometers above the Earth's surface. Metamorphism - ANSWER The process of altering solid rock by changing its temperature, pressure, and chemistry. Microorganism - ANSWER An organism of microscopic or very small size. Midpoint - ANSWER The point that divides a line segment into two equal segments. Mole - ANSWER A unit of measurement for the molecular weight of a substance. Molecular Weight - ANSWER The weight of all of the atoms in a molecule. Nanometer - ANSWER One billionth of a meter. Newton - ANSWER The amount of force needed to accelerate a one-kilogram mass at a rate of one meter per second, per second. Obtuse - ANSWER An angle with a measure greater than 90 degrees but less than 180 degrees Organic Matter - ANSWER Matter that is derived from living organisms. Organism - ANSWER A living thing, either plant or animal. Parallel - ANSWER Lines in the same plane that do not intersect each other; in a coordinate plane, noncollinear lines or segments having the same slope as one another. Parallelogram - ANSWER A quadrilateral (a figure that has four sides) with opposite sides that are parallel and congruent Perimeter - ANSWER The boundary of a figure; in math, the distance from one point around the figure to the same point Perpendicular - ANSWER Lines that intersect and form 90-degree angles. pH - ANSWER A scale that measures how acidic or basic a substance is on a scale of 0 to 14. Lower numbers indicate an increasing acidity and higher numbers indicate increasing basicity. Photophores - ANSWER Organs that produce light. Photosynthesis - ANSWER The process by which plants turn carbon dioxide and water into energy with the aid of sunlight Slope Formula - ANSWER The formula used to calculate the slope of a line: (y1−y2) (x1−x2) (Note that the order of subtraction in the denominator can be reversed, giving the alternative slope formula: (y2−y1)(x2−x1) Positive Slope - ANSWER The incline of a line that slants upward (from left to right) Prime Number - ANSWER A positive integer that can only be evenly divided by 1 and itself Protein - ANSWER A compound that consists of amino acids and plays various structural, mechanical, and nutritional roles within organisms. Quadrant - ANSWER One part of a larger object that has been divided into four parts. Quadratic Equation - ANSWER An equation in the form of ax2+bx+c=0, where a≠0, and has only two solutions for x. Radian - ANSWER A unit of angle measure within a circle. Radii - ANSWER The plural form of radius Radioactive Decay - ANSWER A natural process by which an atom of a radioactive isotope spontaneously decays into another element. Radius - ANSWER A line segment with endpoints at the center of the circle and on the perimeter of the circle, equal to one-half the length of the diameter. Ratio - ANSWER A comparison between two quantities (for example, the ratio of girls to boys in the class is 1:2). Real Number Line - ANSWER An infinite line of real numbers represented on a onedimensional graph. Real Numbers - ANSWER Numbers that can be associated with points on a number line Rectangular - ANSWER Having the shape of a rectangle (a parallelogram with four right angles). Hexagon - ANSWER A six-sided polygon. Scientific Inquiry - ANSWER Based on experiment and observation and the application of the Scientific Method; examination into facts or principles. Seedling - ANSWER A young plant grown from seed. Solid - ANSWER Neither gas nor liquid; of definite shape and volume. Solute - ANSWER A dissolved substance. Solution - ANSWER A mixture of two or more substances. Solution Set - ANSWER The set of values that make an equation true. Specific Gravity - ANSWER The ratio of the density of one substance to the density of another substance. Sphere - ANSWER A solid, round figure where all points on the surface are the same distance from the center (for example, a basketball). Spleen - ANSWER A vascular, ductless organ that is located in the left abdominal region close to the stomach. Standard (x, y) Coordinate Plane - ANSWER A plane that is formed by a horizontal xaxis and a vertical y-axis that meet at point (0,0) (also known as the Cartesian Coordinate Plane). Stratosphere - ANSWER A layer of the atmosphere between the troposphere and mesosphere. Sucrose - ANSWER A simple sugar. Suspensions - ANSWER The state of a substance when its particles are combined together but have not been dissolved in a fluid or solid Synthetic Polymer - ANSWER A human-made, repeating chain of atoms. Thermal Degradation - ANSWER A process of combustion where materials in a fuel are broken down into several by-products. Thermosphere - ANSWER The outermost layer of the atmosphere. Transversal - ANSWER A line that cuts through two or more lines. Trapezoid - ANSWER A quadrilateral (a figure with four sides) with only two parallel lines. Tropical Area - ANSWER An area near the equator that has a frost-free climate with high temperatures that can support year-round vegetation. Troposphere - ANSWER The lowest part of the Earth's atmosphere. Ultraviolet - ANSWER Situated beyond the visible spectrum. Vapor Pressure - ANSWER The pressure exerted by the molecules of vapor. Vaporize - ANSWER To change into a cloud of diffused matter. Vertices - ANSWER The plural form of vertex, which is the point of intersection of two straight lines (or line segments). Virus - ANSWER Organism that causes infection. Voltage - ANSWER A measure of the energy of an electric current. Wavelength - ANSWER The distance between repeating peaks or crests of waves. x-Intercept - ANSWER The point at which a graph of a function/relation crosses the xaxis. The x-coordinate's value when y is equal to zero. y-Intercept - ANSWER The point at which a graph of a function or relation crosses the yaxis. The y-coordinate's value when x is equal to zero. It is denoted by b in slopeintercept form. PEMDAS - ANSWER Acronym for the order the order of operations of numbers. P = Parentheses E = Exponents MD = Multiplication or Division in order from left to right AS = Addition or Subtraction in order from left to right G.C.F. (Greatest Common Factor) - ANSWER The largest number that can divide each number from a set of numbers without a remainder. Ex. The G.C.F. of 8 and 12 is 4. Rational Numbers - ANSWER Numbers that can be expressed as a quotient (or fraction) of two integers. Ex. 1, -2, 3.25, 2/3 Adding Fractions - ANSWER change the fractions into the lowest common denominator and add the numerators Multiplying Fractions - ANSWER Multiply across (the numerator with the numerator and the denominator with the denominator), then reduce into lowest terms. * don't confuse this with the cross-multiplication, which is used to solve equations that are proportions. Dividing Fractions - ANSWER Multiply the first fraction by the reciprocal of the second fraction. Composite Number - ANSWER A positive integer (whole number) that can be divided evenly by at least one number other than 1 and the number itself. Ex. 4, 9, 51, 60 Percent Formula - ANSWER Percents = Part/Whole*100 Average (Mean) Formula - ANSWER Average=sum of terms/number of terms Irrational Numbers - ANSWER Numbers with infinite, non-repeating decimals that cannot be expressed as the quotient of two integers. Ex. π, √2 Percent Change Formula - ANSWER Percent Change =(final value−initial value)/initial value×100 Rate Formula - ANSWER Rate = Work/Time Speed Formula - ANSWER speed=distance/time Average Speed Formula - ANSWER Average Speed=Total Distance/Total Time Simple Interest Formula - ANSWER Simple Interest = P×N×R Where P = principal, N = number of years, R = rate expressed as a decimal Scientific Notation - ANSWER A system to express very large and very small numbers and consists of two parts: a number between 1 (included) and 10 (not included), followed by 10 raised to a positive or negative exponent e.g. 1.0*1014,6.67*10−11 Directly Proportional - ANSWER A relationship between two quantities in which they either both increase or both decrease by the same factor. If x and y are directly proportional, if you increase x by a factor of 1.5, y also increase by a factor of 1.5. x=k.y or x/y=k e.g. quantity and price of items, speed and distance etc. Inversely Proportional - ANSWER A relationship between two quantities in which if one increases by a certain factor, the other decreases by the same factor, and vice versa. If x and y are inversely proportional, if you increase x by a factor of 4, y decreases by a factor of 4. x.y=k e.g. speed and time, volume and density etc. Absolute Value - ANSWER The positive value of a quantity without regards to its sign Distance between zero and the given number on a number line Probability Formula - ANSWER Probability=Number of desired choices/number of total choices Mode - ANSWER The value that occurs most frequently in a set. Ex. The mode of {2,3,-1,5,9,-7,2,14} is 2. Base - ANSWER The number that is repeated in a power e.g. In 2 10 , 2 is the base Exponent - ANSWER The number of times the base is multiplied by itself Ex. In 2 10 , 10 is the exponent Multiplying Powers - ANSWER When you multiply powers of the same base, add the exponents x a×x b=x a+b 2 3×2 2=2 3+2=2 5 Dividing Powers - ANSWER When you divide powers of the same base, subtract the exponents x a/x b=x a−b 2 6/2 −1=2 6−(−1)=2 7 Exponents raised to a power - ANSWER If a power is raised to another exponent, then multiply all the exponents (x a)b=x a.b or (2 3) 2=2 6 Fractional Exponents - ANSWER When there is a fractional exponent, it becomes the denominator as the nth-root and the numerator as the new exponent x 1/n=n√x x m/n=n√x m 36 1/2=√36=6 27 1/3=3√27 3 432=43√=8 Zero Exponent - ANSWER Any base raised to a zero exponent equals 1. 2 0=1 x 0=1 (x 2+2x) 0=1 Negative Exponents - ANSWER With a negative exponent, take the reciprocal of the base and change the exponent to be positive x −a=1/x a Ex. 2 −3=1/2 3=1/8 Difference of Squares Formula - ANSWER a 2−b 2=(a+b)(a−b) Squares of Sum and Difference - ANSWER (a+b)2=a2+2ab+b2 (a−b)2=a2−2ab+b2 FOIL - ANSWER Multiplication of two binomials: F = First O = Outer I = Inner L = Last (a+b)(c+d)=ac+ad+bc+bd Consecutive Integers - ANSWER Integers that follow each other in order, e.g. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 etc. These are represented algebraically by x, x + 1, x + 2, x + 3... Consecutive Odd/Even Numbers - ANSWER odd/even numbers that follow each other in order, e.g. 5, 7, 9, 11 or −4, −2, 0, 2... These can be represented algebraically by x, x + 2, x + 4... Vocabulary for Algebra Word Problems - ANSWER increased by: add decreased by: subtract subtracted from/less than: switched subtract product of: multiply quotient of/ratio of: divide Vocabulary for Word Problems (contd...) - ANSWER of: multiply per: divide percents: divide by 100 is: equals to what number: variable (e.g. x) Quadratic Formula - ANSWER x=√-b±b2-4ac/2a Solutions of Quadratic Equations - ANSWER f (x+a)(x+b)=0 then x=−a,x=−b Distribution of Negative Sign - ANSWER When you subtract one polynomial from another, distribute the negative sign i.e. change the signs of all the terms of the polynomial that is being subtracted. (x2+xy+2y2)−(3x2−4xy−y2) =x2+xy+2y2−3x2+4xy+y2 =−2x2+5xy+3y2 Finding Value of a Function - ANSWER Substitute (replace) x by what's in the parenthesis without changing anything else. f(x)=x2−3 f(a)=a2−3 f(−2)=(−2)2−3= 1f(a+b)=(a+b)2−3 Imaginary Number - ANSWER i=√-1 i2=−1 Steps of a Scientific Method - ANSWER 1. Question/Problem 2. Hypothesis 3. Experiment 4. Analysis 5. Conclusion Dependent Variable - ANSWER the variable that is measured during the experiment and is affected by the independent variable Constant - ANSWER a variable that remains unchanged during the experiment and is unaffected by other variables Controlled Variable - ANSWER a factor that is kept constant throughout an experiment Rate of Change - ANSWER slope of tangent to the curve at a given point Absolute Zero - ANSWER The lowest possible temperature, about -273 degrees Celsius Alloy - ANSWER a substance composed of two or more metals Atom - ANSWER The smallest part of an element; the fundamental building block of an element. Barometer - ANSWER an instrument that is used to measure atmospheric pressure calorie - ANSWER a unit of heat energy equal to 4.185 joules *remember, it's not the same as Calorie, which is equal to 1 kilocalorie or 1000 calories Carcinogen - ANSWER A cancer causing agent Carnivore - ANSWER Eats only meat Compound - ANSWER A substance made up of two or more chemically bonded elements in a fixed proportion Element - ANSWER A substance consisting of only one type of atoms Concentration - ANSWER Amount of substance dissolved in a given amount of solvent