1. Democratic Deficit
Yes, there is a democratic deficit No, there is not
● No direct representation in any of ● Moravcsik argued (LIG) that EU
the other institutions works by bargains between
● EP cannot propose legislation member states always
● Lack of trust and involvement in representing interests of citizens
the EU from the citizens ● Council of the EU and EP directly
● No democratic mechanism in elected
place to ensure that institutions ● The EU is a confederation so the
continue to represent the interests states always represent the
of the people people
● Ideological convergence (serves ● Multilevel governance means
to create watered down people from all levels can be
compromises) in the EP between involved
the centre parties means that the ● EP also checks the other
voices of the more extreme parties institutions
are excluded ● Eu citizens also have indirect
representation as the leaders of
institutions e.g. the EC are
appointed by the EP
● National referendums over
introduction of treaties
2. Institutions
Intergovernmental Supranational
● The European Council ● The Commission
● The Council of Ministers ● The European Parliament
● European Court of Justice
3. European Communities
Intergovernmental Supranational
EEC because intergovernmental council had ECSC because the supranational high
higher authority than the supranational authority had the most power, but less broad
commission, but had broader powers prowers
4. Integration Process
Event Economic Motivations Political Motivations
Creation of the ECSC ● France wanted ● Schuman plan was in
access to germany’s essence a peace
resources plan.
, Marshall Plan ● Meant US would have ● US wanted to prevent
access to another people from turning to
market communism
Creation of the EEC ● Agricultural policy ● Would help in creating
supported the French welfare states which
● The Dutch needed to would prevent people
focus on European from being open to
economic growth after the spread of
decolonization communism
○ Revival of the
Nation State
SEA ● Neoliberal plan for ● Would give more
stronger common power to the EU
market ○ Supranational
ambitions
5. Theories
● Functionalism - In order to complete aim of supranational political authority, small,
unpolitical steps must be taken that will lead to further integration.
○ E.g. EEC and ECSC were relatively low politics (economic centric) and were
therefore very successful stepping stones for further european integration, but
the overtly political initiatives such as the EDC and EPC failed for being to
drastic.
○ Monnet subscribed to this.
● Intergovernmentalism - different countries agree to cooperate, but maintain their own
sovereignty.
● Liberalism - Favor cooperation between different counties, does not see war as
inevitable, favors international organizations and international law, promotes democracy
world wide.
● Federalism - Central government has more authority than the individual local
governments
○ supranational
● Neoliberalism - Government’s responsibility is to help the market function
○ Cohesion policy can be interpreted originally as a neoliberal tool
○ 70s and 80s EC became more neoliberal
● Neofunctionalism -
○ Undermined by 70s period of renationalization
● Liberal Intergovernmentalism - Views states as the driving forces behind integration,
integration is a series of negotiations and bargaining between the states for positive sum
benefits, states mainly incentivised by economic benefit, institutions just a forum for
negotiations between nations, states can leave the integration process whenever they
choose.
Yes, there is a democratic deficit No, there is not
● No direct representation in any of ● Moravcsik argued (LIG) that EU
the other institutions works by bargains between
● EP cannot propose legislation member states always
● Lack of trust and involvement in representing interests of citizens
the EU from the citizens ● Council of the EU and EP directly
● No democratic mechanism in elected
place to ensure that institutions ● The EU is a confederation so the
continue to represent the interests states always represent the
of the people people
● Ideological convergence (serves ● Multilevel governance means
to create watered down people from all levels can be
compromises) in the EP between involved
the centre parties means that the ● EP also checks the other
voices of the more extreme parties institutions
are excluded ● Eu citizens also have indirect
representation as the leaders of
institutions e.g. the EC are
appointed by the EP
● National referendums over
introduction of treaties
2. Institutions
Intergovernmental Supranational
● The European Council ● The Commission
● The Council of Ministers ● The European Parliament
● European Court of Justice
3. European Communities
Intergovernmental Supranational
EEC because intergovernmental council had ECSC because the supranational high
higher authority than the supranational authority had the most power, but less broad
commission, but had broader powers prowers
4. Integration Process
Event Economic Motivations Political Motivations
Creation of the ECSC ● France wanted ● Schuman plan was in
access to germany’s essence a peace
resources plan.
, Marshall Plan ● Meant US would have ● US wanted to prevent
access to another people from turning to
market communism
Creation of the EEC ● Agricultural policy ● Would help in creating
supported the French welfare states which
● The Dutch needed to would prevent people
focus on European from being open to
economic growth after the spread of
decolonization communism
○ Revival of the
Nation State
SEA ● Neoliberal plan for ● Would give more
stronger common power to the EU
market ○ Supranational
ambitions
5. Theories
● Functionalism - In order to complete aim of supranational political authority, small,
unpolitical steps must be taken that will lead to further integration.
○ E.g. EEC and ECSC were relatively low politics (economic centric) and were
therefore very successful stepping stones for further european integration, but
the overtly political initiatives such as the EDC and EPC failed for being to
drastic.
○ Monnet subscribed to this.
● Intergovernmentalism - different countries agree to cooperate, but maintain their own
sovereignty.
● Liberalism - Favor cooperation between different counties, does not see war as
inevitable, favors international organizations and international law, promotes democracy
world wide.
● Federalism - Central government has more authority than the individual local
governments
○ supranational
● Neoliberalism - Government’s responsibility is to help the market function
○ Cohesion policy can be interpreted originally as a neoliberal tool
○ 70s and 80s EC became more neoliberal
● Neofunctionalism -
○ Undermined by 70s period of renationalization
● Liberal Intergovernmentalism - Views states as the driving forces behind integration,
integration is a series of negotiations and bargaining between the states for positive sum
benefits, states mainly incentivised by economic benefit, institutions just a forum for
negotiations between nations, states can leave the integration process whenever they
choose.
