NR 443 EPB QUIZ

NR 443 EPB QUIZ Qualitative Research: ● Phenomenology develops understanding of experiences through the perception of those living them. ● Ethnography involves the researcher becoming immersed in the culture to describe the phenomena. ● Grounded theory seeks connections or links between ideas and concepts and is grounded in the subject’s reality. ● Historical research looks for connections or links by exploring the past. Quantitative Research: ● Descriptive research examines a process, event, or outcome and is chosen when little is known about the topic. It seeks to understand what is happening. Descriptive questions are asked more frequently in qualitative studies; however, descriptive questions may be asked in quantitative studies, too. ● Correlation research asks descriptive questions about what is occurring in a situation and tries to determine if there is a relationship among the variables. One using this type of research cannot predict or infer a cause-and-effect relationship; one simply acknowledges that a relationship exists. ● Predictive research is similar in that it poses descriptive questions, but it goes beyond correlation research in that it not only searches for relationships among variables, but it also seeks to determine if a change in one variable may be used to predict a change in another. No claim is made that this is a cause-and-effect relationship, just that one exists that can lead to a prediction. ● Quasi-experimental research looks for a cause-and-effect relationship among variables. It does not manipulate the variables to cause the effect, but it tries to determine if an effect exists. Analytic questions are posed that compare the interventions to the outcomes. ● Experimental research asks analytic questions in quantitative studies to find out if there is a causal relationship between the variables, that is, if the intervention or comparison (independent variable) causes the effect or outcome (dependent variable). The research question may form a hypothesis that describes the relationship among variables and the direction that the relationship may take. The researcher can never be certain that a relationship exists; therefore, the null hypothesis may be offered that indicates that there is no relationship between two variables, or no differences between groups. The researcher uses inferential testing to reject the null hypothesis, indicating that a relationship probably exists. The second type of hypothesis is the directional hypothesis, which predicts that there is a relationship between or among variables and the direction of the relationship. The third type of hypothesis is the nondirectional or alternative hypothesis. This is a statement predicting that there is a relationship between or among variables, but it does not predict the direction of the relationship. This type of hypothesis may be used when the actual effect of a treatment cannot be predicted. ● Research design may be quantitative, qualitative, or mixed method (mixed method means that both qualitative and quantitative elements are present). ○ Quantitative designs deal with measurements, and may test theories to find relationships or gauge the effect of interventions on outcomes. These designs can be cross-sectional, longitudinal, prospective, or retrospective, depending on the time factor. ■ They may be descriptive, correlational, quasi-experimental, or experimental, depending upon the control factor. ○ Qualitative designs are chosen in order to understand the meaning of phenomena and may form the basis of theories. Like quantitative designs, they can be cross-sectional, longitudinal, prospective, or retrospective, depending upon the time factor. ■ The control factor determines if the study is focused on phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory, or history. ○ Mixed method designs include elements of both quantitative and qualitative approaches. ● Designs may be experimental or nonexperimental. ○ An experimental design involves the researcher manipulating variables to determine cause and effect. Experimental designs are quantitative because the results are measured. ■ Some quantitative studies are non experimental in design, as well. They may seek to discover relationships among variables but do not manipulate them to bring about an effect. ○ A nonexperimental design does not manipulate variables. All qualitative studies use a nonexperimental design because qualitative research does not investigate cause and effect. ● Designs may be exploratory or confirmatory. ○ An exploratory study is usually qualitative or mixed method; it seeks to describe a phenomenon and looks for new knowledge. ○ A confirmatory study determines if there are relationships among variables and substantiates knowledge already published; it is, therefore, quantitative. Practice Questions Research that is reproduced to validate findings and increase generalizability is referred to as a A) randomized clinical trial. B) replication or confirmatory study. C) systematic review. D) validation study. 2. Research problem statements A) are declarations of disparity. B) are declarations of intent. C) declare what is being studied. D) who is being studied. 3. An article describing an example of empirical literature is A) a grand theory in nursing. B) a middle-range theory in nursing. C) the result of a descriptive study. D) a concept analysis. 4. A clinical practice guideline is an example of a(n) A) seminal work. B) secondary source. C) empirical work. D) primary source. 5. Careful consideration of the _____ serves as the basis for the research design. A) type of theory used in the study B) purpose to be achieved by the study C) type of statistics to be used in the study D) number of subjects needed in the study 6. Experimental studies measure cause and effect. The variable that is synonymous with the cause is referred to as the A) dependent variable. B) independent variable. C) extraneous variable. D) control variable. 7. Factors that exert an effect on the outcome but that are not part of the planned experiment and may confuse the interpretation of the results are referred to as A) extraneous variables. B) situational factors. C) dependent variables. D) confounding factors. 8. Which of the following research designs is used to answer questions that seek to investigate causality? A) Survey B) Correlational C) Experimental D) Cross-sectional 9. Which of the following research designs describes relationships between variables? (Select all that apply.) A) Correlational B) Grounded theory C) Phenomenology D) Tests of model fit