Development Psychology Chapter 9: Study Guide 100%Correct

Adults try to promote it when they translate their own insights in ways that are within the child's grasp. As the child stretches to understand the adult, she is drawn into a more mature approach to the situation. scaffolding - ANSWER Adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance. When the child has little notion of how to proceed, the adult uses direct instruction, breaking the task into manageable units, suggesting strategies, and offering rationales for using them. As the child's competence increases, gradually and sensitively withdraw support, turning over responsibility to the child. Then children take the language of these dialogues, make it part of their private speech, and use this speech to organize their independent efforts. guided participation - ANSWER Encompasses children's diverse opportunities to learn through involvement with others, Broader concept than scaffolding. Shared endeavors between more expert and less expert participants, without specifying the precise features of communication. Consequently, it allows for variations across situations and cultures. Features of effective adult scaffolding that foster children's cognitive development. - ANSWER Captures the form of teaching interaction that occurs as children work on school or school-like tasks. puzzles model building picture matching academic assignments. It may not apply to other contexts that are equally vital for cognitive development—for example, play or everyday activities, during which adults usually support children's efforts without deliberately teaching. To encompass children's diverse opportunities to learn through involvement with others, peer collaboration - ANSWER Vygotskian classrooms emphasize this and assisted discovery, in which teachers guide children's learning. Children of varying abilities and skill levels work together. Explain why Vygotsky saw make-believe play as the ideal social context for fostering cognitive development in early childhood.? - ANSWER As children create imaginary situations, they learn to follow internal ideas and social rules rather than their immediate impulses. For example, a child pretending to go to sleep follows the rules of bedtime behavior. A child imagining himself as a father and a doll as a child conforms to the rules of parental behavior. According to Vygotsky, _________ is a unique, broadly influential zone of proximal development in which children try out a wide variety of challenging activities and acquire many new competencies. Enhances a diverse array of cognitive and social skills. Pretending is also rich in private speech. Better at taking personal responsibility for following classroom rules. Better at regulating emotion. Plays a role in children's increasing self-control. Contributions of Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development. - ANSWER Verbal communication may not be the only means through which children's thinking develops—or even, in some cultures, the most important means. When Western parents scaffold their young children's mastery of challenging tasks, they assume much responsibility for children's motivation by frequently instructing and conversing with the child. Their communication resembles the teaching that takes place in school, where their children will spend years preparing for adult life. But in cultures that place less emphasis on schooling and literacy, parents often expect children to take greater responsibility for acquiring new skills through keen observation and participation in community activities. Contribute to socially transmitted higher cognitive processes. Criticisms of Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development. - ANSWER Saying little about how basic motor, perceptual, attention, memory, and problem-solving skills, Describe middle-SES parents' interactions with children. - ANSWER Children are largely excluded from participating in adult work, which generally takes place outside the home. The role of equipping children with the skills they need to become competent workers is assigned to school. preparing children to succeed in school through child-focused activities—especially adult-child conversations and play that enhance language, literacy, and other school-related knowledge. Little access to adult. Spent much time conversing and playing with adults. Describe parents' interactions in village and tribal cultures. - ANSWER Children receive little or no schooling. Spend their days in contact with or participating in adult work. Sart to assume mature responsibilities in early childhood. Parents have little need to rely on conversation and play to teach children. Yucatec Mayan parents expect young children to be self-sufficient. Provide an example of this. - ANSWER Rarely converse or play with preschoolers or scaffold their learning. Children imitate adult tasks, parents conclude that they are ready for more responsibility. Assign chores, selecting tasks the child can do with little help so that adult work is not disturbed. If a child cannot do a task, the adult takes over and the child observes, reengaging when able to contribute. Expected to be autonomous and helpful Factors responsible for gains in sustained attention during early childhood. - ANSWER Children's ability to inhibit impulses. Keep their mind on a competing goal. How can a high-quality preschool curriculum assist in the development of sustained attention? - ANSWER Teachers provide external aids to support ________. A child might hold a drawing of an ear as a reminder to listen and refrain from interrupting a classmate who is telling a story. Teachers also lead games requiring frequent inhibition and memory for instructions. And they encourage make-believe play, which helps children follow rules and use thought to guide behavior Tools of the Mind - ANSWER A preschool curriculum inspired by Vygotsky's theory. Scaffolding of attention skills is woven into virtually all classroom activities. Describe preschoolers' ability to plan. - ANSWER Thinking out a sequence of acts ahead of time and allocating attention accordingly to reach a goal. As long as tasks are familiar and not too complex, preschoolers can generate and follow it. For example, 4-year-olds can search for a lost object in a play area systematically if possible locations are few. Limitations in preschooler's ability to plan. - ANSWER Compare detailed pictures, preschoolers fail to search thoroughly. Tasks with several steps, they often fail to decide what to do first and what to do next in an orderly fashion. Difficulty postponing action in favor of mapping out a sequence of moves and evaluating the consequences of each. Procedures that require inhibition and increased working-memory capacity in addition to planning skill. Explain how cultural tools support planning skills. - ANSWER Directions for playing games Patterns for construction Recipes for cooking Learn from activites like above, especially when they collaborate with more expert planners. When parents encourage planning in everyday activities, from loading the dishwasher to packing for a vacation, they help children plan more effectively. Explain why preschoolers are ineffective at using memory strategies. - ANSWER Not skilled at using _________, deliberate mental activities that improve our chances of remembering. For example, to retain information, you may rehearse, repeating the items over and over, or organize, intentionally grouping items that are alike so that you can easily retrieve them by thinking of their similar characteristics. Worse - ANSWER Preschoolers' recall memory is much (better / worse) than their recognition memory episodic memory - ANSWER your memory for everyday experiences Remember not just the animals they saw but the contexts in which they saw them. The capacity to bind together stimuli when encoding and retrieving them supports the development of an increasingly rich event memory during early childhood. scripts - ANSWER Like adults, preschoolers remember familiar experiences in these terms. General descriptions of what occurs and when it occurs in a particular situation. overlapping-waves theory - ANSWER when given challenging problems, children try out various strategies and observe which work best, which work less well, and which are ineffective. Gradually, they select strategies on the basis of two criteria: accuracy and speed. For basic addition, the min strategy. As children hone in on effective strategies for solving the problems at hand, correct solutions become more strongly associated with problems, and children display the most efficient strategy—automatic retrieval of the answer. Benefits of using this strategy to aid memory and recall - ANSWER Scripts help children organize, interpret, and predict everyday experiences. Once formed, they can be used to predict what will happen on similar occasions in the future. Children rely on scripts to assist recall when listening to and telling stories. They also act out scripts in make-believe play as they pretend to put the baby to bed, go on a trip, or play school. And scripts support children's earliest efforts at planning by helping them represent sequences of actions that lead to desired goals. Explain how autobiographical memory changes in early childhood. - ANSWER Representations of personally meaningful, one-time events. As 3- to 6-year-olds' cognitive and conversational skills improve. Their descriptions of special events become better organized in time, more detailed. Enriched with a personal perspective, and related to the larger context of their lives A young preschooler simply reports, "I went camping." Older preschoolers include specifics: where and when the event happened and who was present. And with age, preschoolers increasingly include subjective information—why, for example, an event was exciting, funny, sad, or made them feel proud or embarrassed ("I loved sleeping all night in the tent!")—that explains the event's personal significance. Styles adults use for promoting children's autobiographical narratives, and note which style leads to better memory of events over time. - ANSWER elaborative style repetitive style elaborative style - ANSWER Follow the child's lead. Ask varied questions Add information to the child's statements Volunteer their own recollections and evaluations of events. "What was the first thing we did? Why weren't the parrots in their cages? I thought the roaring lion was scary. What did you think?" I Helps the children reestablish and reorganize their memory of the field trip. repetitive style - ANSWER Provide little information and keep repeating the same questions, regardless of the child's interest: Do you remember the zoo? What did we do at the zoo?