OPTE PK-8 | 214 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS Latest Update 2023

OPTE PK-8 | 214 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS Latest Update 2023 What does Sigmond Freud propose that each psychosexual development stage revolves around? Correct Ans the erogenous zone What is the erogenous zone? Correct Ans where pleasure is focused at the time What are the stages of Sigmond Freud's theory of human development? Correct Ans Oral, Anal, Phallic, and Latency During Sigmond Freud's theory of human development, what stage are children at during infancy? Correct Ans oral During Sigmond Freud's theory of human development, what stage are children at age 1- 3? Correct Ans anal During Sigmond Freud's theory of human development, what stage are children at age 3- 5? Correct Ans phallic During Sigmond Freud's theory of human development, what stage are children during elementary school? Correct Ans latency Where is a child's erogenous zone during the oral phase? Correct Ans putting things in their mouth and biting Where is a child's erogenous zone during the anal phase? Correct Ans possession of bowel movements Where is a child's erogenous zone during the phallic phase? Correct Ans genitals Where is a child's erogenous zone during the latency phase? Correct Ans social skills and relationships How does Erik Erikson's theory of human development differ from Sigmond Freud's? Correct Ans Erikson's orientation is psychosocial, not psychosexual What does Erik Erikson's theory of human development focus on? Correct Ans personal self-images and social interactions What are the stages of Erik Erikson's theory of human development? Correct Ans trust v. mistrust, autonomy v. shame and doubt, initiative v. guilt, industry v. inferiority, identity v. role confusion, and intimacy v. isolation What age are children when they are in the Trust v. Mistrust stage? Correct Ans 0- 18 mo. What age are children when they are in the Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt stage? Correct Ans 18 mo-3 years What age are children when they are in the Initiative v. Guilt stage? Correct Ans 3- 5 years What age are children when they are in the Industry v. Inferiority stage? Correct Ans 5- 12 years What age are children when they are in the Identity v. Role Confusion stage? Correct Ans 12-18 years What age are children when they are in the Intimacy v. Isolation stage? Correct Ans 18-40 years What did Albert Bandura's social learning theory emphasize? Correct Ans the importance of social interaction in learning Albert Bandura discover that children learn how? Correct Ans indirectly by watching adults What is Albert Bandura's concept of self-efficacy? Correct Ans the belief in one's individual competence to perform specific tasks or skills How did Jerome Bruner influence education? Correct Ans by advising that its goal should be producing autonomous learners What are Bruner's 3 modes of representation in child cognitive development? Correct Ans enactive representation, iconic representation, and symbolic representation What is enactive representation? Correct Ans action-based information based on motor responses, retained in muscle memory, emerging in infancy What is iconic representation? Correct Ans visual image-based information, emerging around age 1-6 What is symbolic representation? Correct Ans coded or symbolic storage of information, emerging c. 7 years and older What did John Dewey emphasize in education? Correct Ans the social, interactive nature of the learning process What did John Dewey believe about educators? Correct Ans they should be social service providers producing higher character and community intelligence standards, not merely vocational trainers preparing students for work with limited job skills and information How did Piaget believe about children as learners? Correct Ans they are not passive learners but actively constructed their own learning, knowledge, and worlds through interacting with their environments What are Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development? Correct Ans sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational Describe Piaget's Sensorimotor stage of cognitive development Correct Ans infants respond to sensory input with motor responses Describe Piaget's Preoperational stage of cognitive development Correct Ans young children are egocentric, unable to see others' physical or mental perspectives, think intuitively, unable to focus on more than one physical attribute of an object at a time Describe Piaget's Concrete Operational stage of cognitive development Correct Ans school-age children can classify, perform other logical mental operations, and reverse them as long as they have concrete objects to reference Describe Piaget's Formal Operation stage of cognitive development Correct Ans Preadolescents and adolescents develop the ability to preform in math, philosophy, law, politics, etc. What are the two most influential elements of Lev Vygotsky's theory? Correct Ans the more knowledgeable other and the ZPD What is the ZPD? Correct Ans zone of proximal development what is the more knowledgable other? Correct Ans part of Vygotsky's theory. is the person who who knows more than the learner and assists in their development What did Lawrence Kohlberg believe about moral development? Correct Ans it continued throughout a person's lifetime What did bloom's taxonomy do? Correct Ans organized learning into a hierarchy of 6 cognitive levels What are the 6 levels of Bloom's Taxonomy? Correct Ans 1. Knowledge 2. Comprehension 3. Application 4. Analysis 5. Synthesis 6. Evaluation What are the physical characteristics of a typical developing child during early childhood? Correct Ans gain 2.5 inches and 5-7 lbs, preschoolers become taller and slimmer (losing baby fat), preschoolers heads are less oversized for bodies than top-heavy toddlers, but still somewhat large What are the cognitive characteristics of a typical developing child during early childhood? Correct Ans continuing brain maturation, wider life experiences enable significant progress in attention, planning, and language, reasoning develops from 4-7 years, but is not logical, gross motor skills gain automaticity, improvement of fine motor skills What are the physical characteristics of a typical developing child during middle and late childhood? Correct Ans growth is slow and consistent, heads and waists become smaller proportionately to height, bones and muscle tissue strengthen, motor skills gain coordination, and smoothness, by 10-12 fine motor coordination and manipulative skills approximate adults What are the cognitive characteristics of a typical developing child during middle and late childhood? Correct Ans brain circuitry continues developing, improving cognitive control, attention, and reasoning, can reason logically and reverse mental operations, but need concrete materials What are the physical characteristics of a typical developing child during adolescence? Correct Ans puberty combines physical and sexual maturation with hormonal changes What are the cognitive characteristics of a typical developing child during adolescence? Correct Ans through the emotion-related amygdala matures earlier, the prefrontal cortex controlling emotions only matures by 18-25, understand abstract concepts and can perform and manipulate entirely by mental operations What are the linguistic characteristics of children with typical development during early childhood? Correct Ans greater sensitivity to spoken phonological features, linguistic rule systems understanding, learning and applying syntactic rules to speech, dramatic vocabulary development, changing speech "registers" and styles based on situations, improving conversational skills What are the affective characteristics of children with typical development during early childhood? Correct Ans self-awareness, self-conscious emotions like guilt and pride, understanding of and ability to discuss both personal and others' emotions, causes and result increase What are the moral characteristics of children with typical development during early childhood? Correct Ans most are at Kohlberg's level one of preconventional reasoning with external punishments and rewards until 9 years What are the linguistic characteristics of children with typical development during middle and late childhood? Correct Ans understanding the alphabetic principle, categorizing, responding with like parts of speech, from 6-11 vocabulary grows from 14,000-40,000 words, complex grammar comprehension develops, metalinguistic awareness, knowing, and thinking about language What are the affective characteristics of children with typical development during middle and late childhood? Correct Ans more varied coping strategies, selfregualtion and self-efficacy influence achievement What are the moral characteristics of children with typical development during middle and late childhood? Correct Ans many are at Kohlberg's level 2 conventional reasoning, stage 3 "good boy, good girl", adopting parental morality What are the linguistic characteristics of children with typical development during adolescence? Correct Ans skills advance, including complex spoken and written sentences, writing sentences, writing stories following story grammar rules, consistency accurate inferences from text, understanding figurative language, idioms, and metaphors What are the moral characteristics of children with typical development during adolescence? Correct Ans Kohlberg's postconventional reasoning is possible-- recognizing alternatives, social contracts, and developing universal moral standards transcending laws What should be considered when judging a typical vs. atypical child's development? Correct Ans personal history, characteristics, family history, and environment What are some ways you can support cognitive development in early childhood? Correct Ans prevent interruptions/distractions, show interest in activities, offer observations/reflections about what they believe they child is trying to achieve, presenting learning materials in a new way, ZPD, engage child in discussion What are some school factors that contribute to a child's learning? Correct Ans safe school environment, flexible grouping, english language support when needed What are some home factors that contribute to a child's learning? Correct Ans family values: respect, education, career, family, maternal roles, extended family roles, emotional support, cultural legacies How can educators promote all children's learning? Correct Ans offer school environments recognizing background diversity, enabling comfortable transitions to successive learning levels, and supplying community supports as needed What is school readiness composed of? Correct Ans the readiness for school and the readiness to learn What is the readiness for school? Correct Ans specific motor skills, cognitive, linguistic, and social skills enabling children to absorb school curriculum What is the readiness to learn? Correct Ans the developmental level where children are capable of learning specific materials What are some activities to help K-2 students develop? Correct Ans explain different examples of school success, realize the relation between what you want to achieve and goal-setting, describe behavior you want to change, give examples of academic and personal goals to set, divide a goal into manageable steps What are some activities to help 1-3 students develop? Correct Ans identify situations you want to change, explain how becoming what you want and school success are related, identify progress you have made toward your goal, explain how to improve your classroom behavior, make a plan for improving your work in a certain subject, make a plan for a personal goal, reward yourself for achieving using self-talk, teachers can use puppet shows wherein puppets apply planning and goal-setting skills What are some activities to help 3-4 students develop? Correct Ans explain how literary characters have overcome goal obstacles, identify people and conditions contributing to your goal achievement, name steps for doing homework, studying for tests, organizing materials/space, name things interfering with goal achievement that you could not change, evaluate what you could have done differently to achieve a goal better What are some activities to help 4-6 students develop? Correct Ans develop friendship and academic goals with action steps and dates, monitor progress, analyze step delays or changes, and evaluate your goal achievement level Four elements for differentiating instruction are Correct Ans 1. content to learn 2. the process students use to master content 3. products students will produce, requiring practice, application, and extension and elaboration of what they learn in a unit 4. learning environment What does decision-making do for children? Correct Ans helps motivate them to achieve things, not for external rewards or to please other people, but for their own satisfaction How can adults assist children in decision-making and goal-setting? Correct Ans help define the goal, help determine their priorities by listening more than talking, observe and encourage children to talk more, keep them grounded (if something is impossible, tell them and guide them toward a more achievable goal), help break goals down into smaller steps, help track progress and celebrate success How can teachers support students through peer-related issues? Correct Ans reinforce their independent choices, individual decisions, and affirming their uniqueness as a person How can teachers support teens in resisting peer pressure? Correct Ans ask them what is right for them, not others, and expressing and demonstrating approval and pride in students' asserting and being themselves How can teachers exploit peer-related issues? Correct Ans assign cooperative learning projects, encourage and reward academic club participation, and emphasize other interdependence promote collective individual learning What are the different types of play? Correct Ans -unoccupied -solitary or independent -onlooker -parallel -associative -cooperative What is unoccupied play? Correct Ans observing anything of interest, may travel, stay still, move randomly, or follow others What is solitary play? Correct Ans a child plays alone, unaware of any other children playing nearby What is onlooker play? Correct Ans a child watches other children play without interacting What is parallel play? Correct Ans playing near children but separately What is associative play? Correct Ans showing interest in and interaction with others playing, but activities are not coordinated or organized What is cooperative play? Correct Ans interested in both play activities and participants, activities are organized, roles are assigned, group identification may develop Describe an Intellectual Disability (ID) Correct Ans students function intellectually two standard deviations or more lower than the average age peer, adaptive functioning may be equal/higher/lower than intellectual functioning depending on strengths, background experience, and training, often learn the same way just slower, difficulty understanding abstract concepts, interpret things literally and concretely Describe autism spectrum disorder (ASD) Correct Ans considered an emotional and cognitive disability, spectrum ranges from profound to negligible impairment in activities of daily behavior and living, intelligence ranges from profound ID to gifted, difficulty recognizing sarcasm, figurative language, humor, starting conversation, and conversational give-and-take, can have difficulty with transitions Describe specific learning disabilities Correct Ans not intellectually impaired, have deficits processing linguistic and/or numeric information, typically their school achievement is far behind their intellectual ability Describe Central Auditory Processing DIsorder Correct Ans a neurological deficit in interpreting the structure and meanings of speech sounds Describe total deaf disorder Correct Ans Cannot hear any sounds, often even with hearing aids Describe hard of hearing disorder Correct Ans have hearing loss but some residual hearing, can be sensorineural or conductive How can you accommodate visually impaired students in your classroom? Correct Ans magnifiers, large-print texts, seating closer to the board and teacher, audiobooks, and text-to-speech computer software for adaptive texts, speech-to-text software for dictating written compositions, braille materials or optacons for reading, modified lighting How can you accommodate hearing impaired students in your classroom? Correct Ans face or touch students to get their attention, speak face-to- face with students to read lips, include American Sign Language interpreters in conversations or lessons for students who have them, accompany spoken instruction and discussion with supplementary visual information, speech-to- text software, respect and teach classmates the importance and strength of deaf culture for students identifying with it Describe Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Correct Ans students attention spans are deficiently short, students are too easily distracted, self-regulation deficits cause impulsive behaviors, display excessive physical activity and have difficulty sitting still, focusing attention, and persisting in the same activity for extended durations Describe Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) Correct Ans symptomatized by irritability, aggression, hostility, negativity, and defiance, frequently lose tempers, argue with adults, purposely irritate others, blame others for behaviors and mistakes, express or demonstrate anger and resentment, and act vindictively and spitefully What are Conduct Disorder (CD)? Correct Ans a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate norms are violated, often referred to as antisocial behaviors Describe Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) Correct Ans Extension of CD in adulthood When was the Americans with Disabilities Act signed into law? Correct Ans 1990 What did the Americans with Disabilities Act do? Correct Ans granted the same civil rights protections based on disabilities as previously accorded by the 1964 Civil Rights Act based on race, color, religion, gender,or national origin. Also prohibits discrimination based on disability When was the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act passed? Correct Ans 1975 What did the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act guarantee? Correct Ans the right of children with disabilities to a free, appropriate, public education in the least restrictive environment possible that meets their educational needs How can teachers instruct ELL students effectively? Correct Ans give ELL students challenging, meaningful curriculum content, text choices, and authentic reading and writing activities According to Robert Marzano, instructional strategies for effective teaching and learning include... Correct Ans -identifying similarities and differences -summarizing and note-taking -reinforcing effort and giving recognition What are the elements involved in writing a research paper? Correct Ans -topic -subtopics -sources -read, think, select -note-taking -sort notes What effect does the community have on a child's learning process? Correct Ans socioeconomic factors affect learning, students in more affluent neighborhoods have more educational resources/supports and are expected to pursue post-secondary education, less affluent neighborhoods the students are more focused on survival What effect does the home have on a child's learning process? Correct Ans parents with higher incomes can access more educational resources and are typically more educated and are more invested/have higher academic goals for their children, parents with lower incomes/education have been motivated to be the first in their family to attend college What effect does the school have on a child's learning process? Correct Ans urban schools where riots occur make school unsafe, students cannot concentrate so they stop attending What are some characteristics of effective learning groups? Correct Ans teachers are actively involved, groups are given work that is meaningful/challenging, teacher ensures students clearly understand learning objectives and schedules, teachers monitor progress What are some cooperative games for preschoolers? Correct Ans musical chairs, duck duck goose, keep the balloon up, telephone How can teachers model integrity for students? Correct Ans by always behaving fairly and consistently in class and meeting his/her own high expectations How can teachers communicate expectations to their students? Correct Ans reinforcing them daily, gentle reminders, interrupting instructions to discuss expectations when needed, support and inform students, prepare "achievement contracts", ensure every student knows they can succeed with hard work How can teachers encourage active learners? Correct Ans showing students respect and guiding them to respect others What are the 5 Is of innovation curriculum? Correct Ans 1. Imagination 2. Inquiry 3. Invention 4. Implementation 5. Initiative What is ICT? Correct Ans Information and Communication Technology What are Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) systems? Correct Ans assistive technology devices that facilitate communication What happens when students initiate open dialogues in a classroom? Correct Ans they engage students in a democratic process and provide opportunities for group decision-making requiring compromise, not competition What is a flipped classroom? Correct Ans a pedagogical model in which the typical lecture and homework elements of a course are reversed. Short video lectures are viewed by students at home before the class session, while inclass time is devoted to exercises, projects, or discussions. What are Gardner's 8 intelligences that people use in problem solving? Correct Ans 1. Linguistic 2. Musical 3. Logical-mathematical 4. Spatial 5. Bodily-kinesthetic 6. Naturalistic 7. Interpersonal 8. Intrapersonal What did Gardner place an emphasis on? Correct Ans learning skills in context, rather than solely by textbooks Define metacognition Correct Ans thinking about thinking and understanding one's thought processes Define Transfer Correct Ans applying a learned skill to another activity or setting Define self-efficacy Correct Ans a sense of competence for specific tasks Define self-regulation Correct Ans the ability to monitor, control, and adjust one's behaviors Define Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) Correct Ans the difference between what one can do unassisted vs. with what she/he can do with help or guidance Define Schema Correct Ans a mental construct or representation of a concept Who discovered classical conditioning? Correct Ans Ivan Pavlov Describe classical conditioning Correct Ans learning to elicit an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the response Who coined the term operant conditioning? Correct Ans B. F. Skinner Define operant conditioning Correct Ans a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher What is RTI? Correct Ans Response to Intervention Describe RTI Correct Ans a framework for providing high-quality instruction for all k12 learners What are the 3 tiers of RTI? Correct Ans 1. research-based core classroom instruction 2. targeted instruction 3. intensive instruction Describe the Universal Design for Learning (UDL) Correct Ans a curriculum implementation/development framework for guiding educational practice that specifically addresses the "what", "how", and "why" of learning Define curriculum scope Correct Ans the breadth and depth in which it covers content in each subject Define curriculum sequence Correct Ans the logical order in which scope is taught Define the Cognitive Domain Correct Ans represents mental skills, facts, information, ideas, and concepts that one can learn, understand, and apply Define the Affective Domain Correct Ans represents emotional attitudes that one can develop and apply, with respect to the self and others Define the Psychomotor Domain Correct Ans represents physical skills that one can learn and apply What must learning objectives be? Correct Ans observable and measureable What are teaching materials? Correct Ans concrete objects, such as worksheets, workbooks, or manipulatives What are teaching resources? Correct Ans locations and means for finding teaching materials, such as websites, libraries, stores, theories of learning or educations What should learning materials do? Correct Ans help structure lesson planning and delivery, especially in earlier grades What does thematic instruction reflect? Correct Ans a holistic belief that learning is best in the context of a coherent whole, and connected to real life What does thematic instruction do? Correct Ans organizes curriculum around overarching themes-teaching around experiences, not isolated disciplines Define Interdisciplinary instruction Correct Ans applies knowledge, principles, and values to multiple school disciplines and subjects concurrently What are the 8 steps to building on students prior knowledge? Correct Ans 1. Instruction 2. Foundation 3. Brain Activation 4. Body of new information 5. Clarification 6. Practice 7. Independent practice 8. Closure Who is on an IEP team? Correct Ans parents, sped teachers, gen ed teachers, audiologists, occupational therapist, physical therapist, speech- language pathologist, activity and/other therapists, American Sign Language (ASL) interpreters, orientation or mobility specialists, school social workers, school nurses, school psychologists, counselors, advocates, etc. What is vertical alignment? Correct Ans the process through which courses are sequenced across a curriculum What is horizontal alignment? Correct Ans the process through which different sections of the same course are standardized What is Piaget's theory of cognitive development? Correct Ans individuals seek to establish and maintain equillibrium What happens when equilibrium is disrupted? Correct Ans the student must go through the process of adaption through assimilation and accommodation What happens when a child encounters a new stimulus? Correct Ans he/she assimilates it-fitting it into his/her existing schema for similar things; or accommodates to itmodifying an existing schema to accommodate some different characteristics of the new stimulus; or forming a new schema for it Describe the information processing theory. Correct Ans characterizes how people attend to environmental events, encode new information and relate it to existing knowledge, store new information in memory, and retrieve information as needed from storage Define reciprocal determinism Correct Ans the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment Define construcivism Correct Ans view learning as a process whereby the learner actively constructs or builds his/her own knowledge and understanding of the world Define critical thinking Correct Ans ability to question, evaluate, and judge information or material Define creative thinking Correct Ans generating original ideas, coming up with problem-solving alternatives that differ from usual solutions, applying knowledge in novel ways and contexts, and divergent thinking Define SWOT analysis Correct Ans S: Strengths W: Weaknesses O: Opportunities T: Threats What does student discussion do? Correct Ans effectively builds on every individual student's factual knowledge and understanding, and give students opportunities to build comprehension and clarify meaning Define culturally responsive teaching Correct Ans utilizes students' cultural background knowledge, previous experiences, and performance styles, increasing the effectiveness and appropriateness of learning for them by teaching through and to their strengths Define self-determination Correct Ans student propensity for initiating activities independently, as opposed to only doing what the teacher tells them to do Define attribution Correct Ans how and where we assign cause Define cognitive dissonance Correct Ans discomfort and contradictory information; we adjust our schemas to reflect new information, form new schemas, or reject the information to restore congruence and resolve discomfort Define reliability Correct Ans consistency of measurement Define validity Correct Ans whether a test measures what it intends to measure Define formative assessment Correct Ans conducted during instruction, used to obtain feedback that teachers and their students can both utilize for improving the teaching and learning that will occur as it continues Define summative assessment Correct Ans conducted after assessment, may evaluate learning from a unit, semester, or school year Define diagnostic assessment Correct Ans also known as pre assessment, done before instruction, gives educators information about previous knowledge each student has about a subject What do peer assessments do for students learning? Correct Ans lead to exchanges of ideas and diffusion of knowledge among students, enhancing the all individuals' learning Define Norm Referenced Tests Correct Ans Tests in which a student's performance is compared with a norm group, which is represented by a sampling of students. Define Criterion Referenced Tests Correct Ans One test in which the student's performance is compared to a criterion or standard Define raw score Correct Ans students' actual scores on a test scale, number or percentage correct Define scaled scores Correct Ans covert raw scores t common scales permitting numerical comparison, of individual student progress across semesters and years, among students in subject areas Define standard deviation Correct Ans the "mean of the mean", measuring score, data dispersion, variance, or spread Define mean Correct Ans the average of a data set or score distribution Define median Correct Ans middle score in a distribution Define mode Correct Ans value or number occurring most frequently in a distribution Define grade equivalent scores Correct Ans indicate where on a continuum a student's test score falls Define age equivalent score Correct Ans based on a student's age, not grade Define analytic scoring Correct Ans separately evaluates and scores discrete writing features (concise concepts expression, creativity, grammar, punctuation, etc.) Scores are weighed by importance Which of these is NOT one of the major personality structures proposed by Sigmund Freud in his psychoanalytic theory of development? a. Id b. Ego c. Libido d. Superego Correct Ans c. Libido Among the developmental stages, Freud identified in his theory of psychosexual development, which ones occur during infancy and early childhood through elementary ages? a. Oral, Anal, and Phallic b. Anal, Phallic, and Genital c. Phallic, Genital, and Latency d. Phallic, Latency, and Genital Correct Ans a. Oral, Anal, and Phallic According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, which stage is typical of adolescence? a. Oral b. Anal c. Phallic d. Genital Correct Ans d. Genital In Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, which stage(s) and nuclear conflict(s) is/are typically encountered during the teenage years? a. Identity v. Role Confusion b. Intimacy v. Isolation c. Both of these d. Neither one Correct Ans c. Both of these Which of the following learning processes produces the result of reconstructing or repositioning a belief system or value system? a. Cueing and/or retrieving previously acquired knowledge b. Integrating new learning into currently existing systems c. Self-regulated learning for testing instructional efficacy d. Creating cognitive dissonance with an existing position Correct Ans d. Creating cognitive dissonance with an existing position Among these ways in which students acquire skills, which is most common during early childhood? a. Independent reading b. Learning by playing c. Learning by doing d. Direct instruction Correct Ans b. Learning by playing If a high school student is interested in a subject but the school does not offer any classes in it, what is true about other ways the student can acquire skills in this subject? a. Independently reading books about the subject will not enable the student to acquire desired skills b. An internship or apprenticeship will provide instruction, modeling, and hands-on learning by doing c. Internet searches can find YouTube videos teaching the skills but not further reading/study matter d. Since the student is already enrolled in high school, he/she cannot enroll in an outside course to learn Correct Ans b. An internship or apprenticeship will provide instruction, modeling, and hands-on learning by doing Which of the following reflects a general principle for teachers to apply in responding to student diversity in their classrooms? a. Ask students to speak in their minorities b. Ask students more open-ended questions c. Ask students questions with shorter wait time d. Ask students to follow differing rules and norms Correct Ans b. Ask students more open-ended questions To address diversity among students within classrooms, which of these is a recommended teacher practice? a. Substituting american nicknames for more difficult foreign names b. Varying instructional methods for different student learning styles c. Establishing boundaries by not talking to students except in classes d. Not challenging dominant students/putting quiet ones on the spot Correct Ans b. Varying instructional methods for different student learning styles What is one valid guideline for teachers to avoid problems with classroom diversity? a. Avoid using idioms; translate or explain any they do use b. Avoid linguistic redundancy to prevent student boredom c. Avoid using any examples not familiar to all students d. Avoid confusing students by presenting multiple forms Correct Ans a. Avoid using idioms; translate or explain any they do use Which of the following categories of cognitive disabilities most consistently includes the characteristic of a marked gap between intellectual ability and school performance? a. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) b. Intellectual Disabilities (ID aka MR) c. None of these includes such a gap d. Specific Learning Disabilities (SLDs) Correct Ans d. Specific Learning Disabilities (SLDs) Which of the following is a characteristic of K-12 ELL students at the Beginning proficiency level in Listening, according to the Texas ELPs descriptors? a. Easily understanding simple conversation on familiar topics b. Easily understanding simple discussion with cues/support c. Observing cues, but not requesting clarifications d. Requesting clarifications, but not observing cues Correct Ans c. Observing cues, but not requesting clarifications Of the following, which represents a Texas ELPS descriptor for ELL K-12 students at the Intermediate proficiency level in Speaking? a. Speaking in simple sentences without need for hesitation b. Speaking in detailed sentences with sufficient vocabulary c. Speaking in simple sentences with mostly present tenses d. Speaking in sentences people unused to ELLs understand Correct Ans c. Speaking in simple sentences with mostly present tenses The Texas ELPS describe K-12 ELL students at the Advanced ELP level for Listening and Speaking as being able to do which of the following? a. They can speak grade-level english socially and academically without pauses b. They understand basic conversation/discussion with no need of clarification c. They can use abstract vocabulary and complex grammar without any error d. They mispronounce words, but unfamiliar others usually understand them Correct Ans d. They mispronounce words, but unfamiliar others usually understand them Relative to assessment, what is a definition of statistical reliability? a. Consistency in a test's results across repeated administrations b. Veracity in a test's measurability what it is purposed to measure c. Dependability of administering a test the same way each time d. Consistency between two tests when comparing their results Correct Ans a. Consistency in a test's results across repeated administrations Which type of reliability indicates whether an assessment gets reliable results across its individual items? a. Inter-rater reliability b. Test-rater reliability c. Parallel-forms reliability d. Internal consistency reliability Correct Ans d. Internal consistency reliability What defines validity in terms of assessment? a. Whether a test is consistent over repeated measures b. Whether a test measures what it is meant to measure c. Whether a test measures a construct using objectivity d. Whether a test is scored the same by different people Correct Ans b. Whether a test measures what it is meant to measure Which of these is/are a subtype(s) of criterion validity? a. Concurrent validity b. Predictive Validity c. (a) and (b), not (d) d. Construct validity Correct Ans c. (a) and (b), not (d) What kind of validity indicates how representative a test is of every part or detail of a construct? a. Content validity b. Criterion validity c. Construct validity d. Concurrent validity Correct Ans a. Content validity Which of the following accurately describes rubrics as assessment tools? a. They typically define specific tasks, skills, or behaviors after performance b. They typically guide task performance but do not give criteria for success c. They typically should be explained to students by teachers after assessing d. They typically define and describe general ranges or levels of performance Correct Ans d. They typically define and describe general ranges or levels of performance What is a disadvantage of using rubrics as assessment tools? a. Learning objectives, tasks, guidance, and criteria are combined b. Performance levels are not as precise as grades or percentages c. They afford greater brevity in definition, guidance, assessment d. Rubrics are more concise yet offer more clarity than other tools Correct Ans b. Performance levels are not as precise as grades or percentages Of the following, which is an advantage of using analytical checklists for assessment? a. They allow for differences in assessing individual tasks across students b. They require additional notes to identify other notable feats observed c. They save time and effort by listing tasks, skills, or behaviors in advance d. They sometimes constrain assessment to Yes/No without quality levels Correct Ans c. They save time and effort by listing tasks, skills, or behaviors in advance Among these, what is a disadvantage of using scoring guides in assessment? a. Scoring guides are published by different authors than the tests they acompany b. Scoring guides force teachers to give specific scores to specific student responses c. Scoring guides can be misinterpreted/misapplied by inexperienced/unwise users d. Scoring guides give teachers flexibility to use judgement with responses/conditions Correct Ans c. Scoring guides can be misinterpreted/misapplied by inexperienced/unwise users According to cognitive information processing theory, in which of these do people receive input from environment? a. Sensory memory b. Working memory c. Short-term memory d. Long-term memory Correct Ans a. Sensory memory In his social learning theory, what does Bandura mean by reciprocal determinism? a. Learning mutually involves both the learner and the instructor b. Learning mutually involves both the behavior and enviornment c. Learning mutually involves both the individual and environment d. Learning mutually involves individual, behavior, and environment Correct Ans d. Learning mutually involves individual, behavior, and environment Piaget described children as "little scientists" interacting and experimenting with the environment to learn about it and actively build their own knowledge. This reflects which type of philosophy and psychology? a. scaffolding b. cognitivism c. constructivism d. ZPD Correct Ans c. constructivism When a student is able to consider whether an information source is reputable, has been proven objectively, and is acceptable by experts in its discipline, which element of critical thinking does the student demonstrate? a. evaluating and supporting evidence b. judging the quality material c. distinguishing fact from opinion d. finding evidence/no evidence Correct Ans a. evaluating and supporting evidence Which of the following describes the process of inductive reasoning? a. top-down and general to specific b. bottom-up and general to specific c. bottom-up and specific to general d. top-down and specific to general Correct Ans c. bottom-up and specific to general As a cognitive element of the learning process, what is a characteristic of planning? a. planning required concrete thinking, not abstract thinking b. planning requires both abstract thinking and imagination c. planning requires organizational, not imaginative abilities d. planning is on a lower level of higher-order thinking skills Correct Ans b. planning requires both abstract thinking and imagination In the developmental step of direct instruction procedures, what should teachers do? a. tell rather than show students what behavior they must demonstrate b. in addition to explaining material clearly, give sufficient examples of it c. to assess understanding, do not ask but elicit questions from students d. to help students process information, avoid distracting multimedia aids Correct Ans b. in addition to explaining material clearly, give sufficient examples of it Which of the following correctly sequences the steps in a direct instruction procedure? a. development; introduction/review; independent practice; guided practice; evalution; closure b. introduction/review; development; guided practice; closure; independent practice; evaluation c. guided practice; introduction/review; independent practice; development; evaluation; closure d. independent practice; development; guided practice; introduction/review; closure; evaluation Correct Ans b. introduction/review; development; guided practice; closure; independent practice; evaluation According to research into achievement motivation, what is the role of student selfdetermination? a. it weakens student motivation by lowering student compliance b. it strengthens student motivation for learning and performance c. it causes qualitative but not quantitative differences in learning d. it is associated with student performance for external motives Correct Ans b. it strengthens student motivation for learning and performance According to experts, how should teachers distribute the cognitive levels of the questions they ask relative to students grade levels? a. all elementary and secondary students should be asked half higher and half lower level questions b. more than half the questions should be at higher cognitive levels for all student grade levels c. more than half at high levels for secondary grades, below half in elementary grades d. more than half the questions should be at lower cognitive levels for all student grades Correct Ans c. more than half at high levels for secondary grades, below half in elementary grades How do teachers help students by making classrooms intellectually safe? a. enable students to take risks b. enable students to collaborate c. enable every student to participate d. enable effective, challenging activities Correct Ans c. enable every student to participate What is most true about the relationship of teaching and classroom management? a. teaching management decisions are more complex when instruction is more demanding b. encouraging student responsibility changes student behavior without affecting content c. when students solve novel problems and create products, teacher decisions are simpler d. teachers focus on helping students meet academic demands instead of social demands Correct Ans a. teaching management decisions are more complex when instruction is more demanding According to research findings, which of these predict(s) parents' involvement in their children's education the most? a. racial or ethnic status of parents b. the marital status of the parents c. the educational levels of parents d. school policies , teacher practices Correct Ans d. school policies , teacher practices Which of the following is a right of teachers under the First Amendment? a. right to academic freedom of expression b. right to protection against discrimination c. right to due process in termination notice d. right to establish student behavioral rules Correct Ans a. right to academic freedom of expression In today's public schools, who are most often responsible for instructing special education students? a. educational specialists b. special education teachers c. the most applicable therapists d. the regular classroom teachers Correct Ans d. the regular classroom teachers