PH19141 - PHYSICS OF MATERIALS
Study Material
Content
Syllabus
UNIT- 1 Mechanics and Properties of Matter
UNIT -2 Crystal Physics
UNIT – 3 Physics of Materials
UNIT – 4 Engineering Materials and Testing
UNIT – 5 Quantum Physics
Question Bank
, PHYSICS OF MATERIALS
LTPC
3024
Common to I sem. B.E. - Aero, Auto, Civil, Mech& MCT
OBJECTIVES
To enhance the fundamental knowledge in Physics and its applications relevant to mechanical
engineering streams.
To familiarize students in various experimental setups and instruments that are used to study /
determine the various properties of materials.
UNIT I - MECHANICS & PROPERTIES OF MATTER 9
Basic definitions - Newton’s laws – forces -solving Newton’s equations - constraints and friction -
cylindrical and spherical coordinates - potential energy function - conservative and non-conservative
forces - central forces - conservation of angular momentum - non-inertial frames of reference -
rotating coordinate system - centripetal and coriolis accelerations – Elasticity - stress-strain diagram -
bending of beams - cantilever depression - Young’s modulus determination - I-shape girders.
UNIT II - CRYSTAL PHYSICS 9
Basis – lattices - symmetry operations and crystal systems -Bravaislattics - atomic radius and packing
fraction - SC, BCC, FCC, HCP lattices - Miller indices - diffraction by crystals - reciprocal lattice -
interpreting diffraction patterns - crystal growth techniques-Czochralski and Bridgmann, crystal
defects.
UNIT III - PHYSICS OF MATERIALS 9
Solid solutions - Hume-Rothery’s rules –Gibb’s phase rule - binary phase diagrams -isomporhpus
systems - tie-line and lever rule - eutectic, eutectoid, peritectic, peritectoid, monotectic and syntectic
systems - formation of microstructures - homogeneous and non-homogenous cooling – nucleation -
iron-carbon phase diagram - eutectoid steel - hypo and hypereutectoid steel – diffusion - Fick’s laws –
T-T-T diagrams.
UNIT IV - ENGINEERING MATERIALS & TESTING 9
Metallic glasses – preparation and properties - Ceramics – types, manufacturing methods and
properties - Composites – types and properties - Shape memory alloys – properties and applications -
Nano-materials – top down and bottom up approaches – properties - Tensile strength – Hardness –
Fatigue - Impact strength – Creep - Fracture – types of fracture.
UNIT V - QUANTUM PHYSICS 9
Blackbody problem -Planck’s radiation law - duality of light -De Broglie hypothesis - properties of
matter waves - wave packets –Schrodinger’s equations (time dependent and time independent) - Born
interpretation (physical significance of wave function) - probability current - operator formalism
(qualitative) - expectation values - uncertainty principle - particle in a box -eigen function and eigen
values -Dirac notation (qualitative).
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Bhattacharya, D.K. & Poonam, T. “Engineering Physics”. Oxford University Press, 2018.
,2. Gaur, R.K. & Gupta, S.L. “Engineering Physics”.DhanpatRai Publishers, 2018.
3. Raghavan, V. “Physical Metallurgy: Principles and Practice”. PHI Learning, 2019.
REFERENCES
1. Balasubramaniam, R. “Callister's Materials Science and Engineering”. Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.,
2017.
2. Raghavan, V. “Materials Science and Engineering : A First course”. PHI Learning, 2019.
3. Resnick, R., Halliday, D., & Walker, J. “Principles of Physics”, Wiley India Pvt., 2018.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS: PHYSICS LABORATORY (Any 10experiments) 30
1. Determination of Laser characteristics (wavelength and angular spread).
2. Determination of Young’s modulus by non-uniform bending method
3. Determination of Thermal conductivity of a bad conductor – Lee’s Disc method.
4. Determination of Velocity of sound and compressibility of liquid – Ultrasonic interferometer
5. Coupled oscillators - Two compound pendulums;
6. Experiment on Moment of inertia measurement- Torsional pendulum by resonance,
7. LC circuit, LCR circuit and Resonance phenomena in LCR circuits;
8. Experiments on electromagnetic induction – BH-Curve experiment
9. Determination of thickness of a thin wire – Air wedge method
10. Determination of solar cell characteristics.
11. Measurement of hysteresis loss:B -H curve.
12. Determination of creep characteristics of a metallic wire.
TOTAL PERIODS 75
OUTCOMES:
On completion of the course students will be able to
Understand foundational mechanics and elastic nature of materials and determine the elastic
moduli of materials.
Apply the basic knowledge of crystallography in materials preparation and treatments.
Create binary phase diagrams and TTT charts and use them to analyse and measure the
properties of alloys.
Understand various engineering materials, test or measure their properties and use them in
suitable applications.
Understand the concepts of quantum theory and the nature of light and determine the
characteristics of a given laser source.
***
, UNIT I – Mechanics and Properties of Matter
1.1 Introduction
Particle: Dimensions of an object are considered to be negligible and small compared to the
coordinates describing its motion.
System of particles: An object represented by two or more particles and is dealt with together
is called system of particles.
Rigid body: The distance between any two given points on a rigid body is invariant in time
regardless of external forces exerted on it.A rigid body is usually considered as a continuous
distribution of mass.
Deformable body: Anybody that changes its shape and/or volume while being acted upon by
any kind of external force.
A force is a push or a pull exerted on one object by another object. The units of force is newton.
1.2 Newton Laws
Newton’s first law: A body continuous a state of rest or uniform motion unless an external force
acts on it.
Newton's first law says that if the net force on an object is zero (ΣF=0), then that object
will have zero acceleration. That doesn't necessarily mean the object is at rest, but it means that
the velocity is constant.
The property of a body to remain at rest or to remain in motion with constant velocity is
called inertia. Newton’s first law is often called the law of inertia.
The inertia of an object is measured by its mass. Mass can be determined by measuring
how difficult an object is to accelerate. The more mass an object has, the harder it is to
accelerate.
Newton’s second law:Acceleration of an object produced by a net force is directly proportional
to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely
proportional to the mass of the object.
Newton’s third law: All forces between two objects exist in equal magnitude and opposite
direction.
1.2.1 Newton’s first law of motion from Newton’s second law of motion
Newton's first law states that a body stays at rest if it is at rest and moves with a constant
velocity if already moving, until a net force is applied to it. In other words, the state of motion of
a body changes only on application of a net non-zero force.Newton's second law states that the
net force applied on a body is equal to the rate of change in its momentum. Mathematically,
𝑑𝑝⃗
𝐹⃗ =
𝑑𝑡
Study Material
Content
Syllabus
UNIT- 1 Mechanics and Properties of Matter
UNIT -2 Crystal Physics
UNIT – 3 Physics of Materials
UNIT – 4 Engineering Materials and Testing
UNIT – 5 Quantum Physics
Question Bank
, PHYSICS OF MATERIALS
LTPC
3024
Common to I sem. B.E. - Aero, Auto, Civil, Mech& MCT
OBJECTIVES
To enhance the fundamental knowledge in Physics and its applications relevant to mechanical
engineering streams.
To familiarize students in various experimental setups and instruments that are used to study /
determine the various properties of materials.
UNIT I - MECHANICS & PROPERTIES OF MATTER 9
Basic definitions - Newton’s laws – forces -solving Newton’s equations - constraints and friction -
cylindrical and spherical coordinates - potential energy function - conservative and non-conservative
forces - central forces - conservation of angular momentum - non-inertial frames of reference -
rotating coordinate system - centripetal and coriolis accelerations – Elasticity - stress-strain diagram -
bending of beams - cantilever depression - Young’s modulus determination - I-shape girders.
UNIT II - CRYSTAL PHYSICS 9
Basis – lattices - symmetry operations and crystal systems -Bravaislattics - atomic radius and packing
fraction - SC, BCC, FCC, HCP lattices - Miller indices - diffraction by crystals - reciprocal lattice -
interpreting diffraction patterns - crystal growth techniques-Czochralski and Bridgmann, crystal
defects.
UNIT III - PHYSICS OF MATERIALS 9
Solid solutions - Hume-Rothery’s rules –Gibb’s phase rule - binary phase diagrams -isomporhpus
systems - tie-line and lever rule - eutectic, eutectoid, peritectic, peritectoid, monotectic and syntectic
systems - formation of microstructures - homogeneous and non-homogenous cooling – nucleation -
iron-carbon phase diagram - eutectoid steel - hypo and hypereutectoid steel – diffusion - Fick’s laws –
T-T-T diagrams.
UNIT IV - ENGINEERING MATERIALS & TESTING 9
Metallic glasses – preparation and properties - Ceramics – types, manufacturing methods and
properties - Composites – types and properties - Shape memory alloys – properties and applications -
Nano-materials – top down and bottom up approaches – properties - Tensile strength – Hardness –
Fatigue - Impact strength – Creep - Fracture – types of fracture.
UNIT V - QUANTUM PHYSICS 9
Blackbody problem -Planck’s radiation law - duality of light -De Broglie hypothesis - properties of
matter waves - wave packets –Schrodinger’s equations (time dependent and time independent) - Born
interpretation (physical significance of wave function) - probability current - operator formalism
(qualitative) - expectation values - uncertainty principle - particle in a box -eigen function and eigen
values -Dirac notation (qualitative).
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Bhattacharya, D.K. & Poonam, T. “Engineering Physics”. Oxford University Press, 2018.
,2. Gaur, R.K. & Gupta, S.L. “Engineering Physics”.DhanpatRai Publishers, 2018.
3. Raghavan, V. “Physical Metallurgy: Principles and Practice”. PHI Learning, 2019.
REFERENCES
1. Balasubramaniam, R. “Callister's Materials Science and Engineering”. Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.,
2017.
2. Raghavan, V. “Materials Science and Engineering : A First course”. PHI Learning, 2019.
3. Resnick, R., Halliday, D., & Walker, J. “Principles of Physics”, Wiley India Pvt., 2018.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS: PHYSICS LABORATORY (Any 10experiments) 30
1. Determination of Laser characteristics (wavelength and angular spread).
2. Determination of Young’s modulus by non-uniform bending method
3. Determination of Thermal conductivity of a bad conductor – Lee’s Disc method.
4. Determination of Velocity of sound and compressibility of liquid – Ultrasonic interferometer
5. Coupled oscillators - Two compound pendulums;
6. Experiment on Moment of inertia measurement- Torsional pendulum by resonance,
7. LC circuit, LCR circuit and Resonance phenomena in LCR circuits;
8. Experiments on electromagnetic induction – BH-Curve experiment
9. Determination of thickness of a thin wire – Air wedge method
10. Determination of solar cell characteristics.
11. Measurement of hysteresis loss:B -H curve.
12. Determination of creep characteristics of a metallic wire.
TOTAL PERIODS 75
OUTCOMES:
On completion of the course students will be able to
Understand foundational mechanics and elastic nature of materials and determine the elastic
moduli of materials.
Apply the basic knowledge of crystallography in materials preparation and treatments.
Create binary phase diagrams and TTT charts and use them to analyse and measure the
properties of alloys.
Understand various engineering materials, test or measure their properties and use them in
suitable applications.
Understand the concepts of quantum theory and the nature of light and determine the
characteristics of a given laser source.
***
, UNIT I – Mechanics and Properties of Matter
1.1 Introduction
Particle: Dimensions of an object are considered to be negligible and small compared to the
coordinates describing its motion.
System of particles: An object represented by two or more particles and is dealt with together
is called system of particles.
Rigid body: The distance between any two given points on a rigid body is invariant in time
regardless of external forces exerted on it.A rigid body is usually considered as a continuous
distribution of mass.
Deformable body: Anybody that changes its shape and/or volume while being acted upon by
any kind of external force.
A force is a push or a pull exerted on one object by another object. The units of force is newton.
1.2 Newton Laws
Newton’s first law: A body continuous a state of rest or uniform motion unless an external force
acts on it.
Newton's first law says that if the net force on an object is zero (ΣF=0), then that object
will have zero acceleration. That doesn't necessarily mean the object is at rest, but it means that
the velocity is constant.
The property of a body to remain at rest or to remain in motion with constant velocity is
called inertia. Newton’s first law is often called the law of inertia.
The inertia of an object is measured by its mass. Mass can be determined by measuring
how difficult an object is to accelerate. The more mass an object has, the harder it is to
accelerate.
Newton’s second law:Acceleration of an object produced by a net force is directly proportional
to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely
proportional to the mass of the object.
Newton’s third law: All forces between two objects exist in equal magnitude and opposite
direction.
1.2.1 Newton’s first law of motion from Newton’s second law of motion
Newton's first law states that a body stays at rest if it is at rest and moves with a constant
velocity if already moving, until a net force is applied to it. In other words, the state of motion of
a body changes only on application of a net non-zero force.Newton's second law states that the
net force applied on a body is equal to the rate of change in its momentum. Mathematically,
𝑑𝑝⃗
𝐹⃗ =
𝑑𝑡
