Adult Echocardiography Board Prep| 75 QUESTIONS| WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS

Contraindications to TEE correct answer: Esophageal pathology -severe dysphagia -esophageal stricture -esophageal diverticula -bleeding esophageal varices -esophageal cancer Cervical spine disorders -severe atlantoaxial joint disorders -orthopedic conditions that prevent neck flexion LV diastolic normal diameters correct answer: Women: 3.9-5.3 cm Men: 4.2-5.9 cm LV systolic normal volume correct answer: Women: 19-49 mL Men: 22-58 mL Impaired relaxation correct answer: Stage 1 of diastolic dysfunction mitral stenosis correct answer: A narrowing of the mitral valve orifice impeding the diastolic flow of blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle. Etiology of mitral stenosis correct answer: Rheumatic fever, congenital anomaly of the MV, severe mitral annular calcification Cardiac auscultation of mitral stenosis correct answer: Opening snap, low pitched diastolic rumble Normal PHT of mitral valve correct answer: 30 to 60 msec PHT suggesting mild MS correct answer: 90 to 150 msec PHT suggesting moderate MS correct answer: 150 to 219 msec PHT suggesting severe MS correct answer: >|= 220 msec Normal MV area correct answer: 4.0 to 6.0 cm2 MV area of mild MS correct answer: 1.6 to 2.5 cm2 MV area of moderate MS correct answer: 1.1 to 1.5 cm2 MV area of severe MS correct answer: <|= 1.0 cm2