NUR 2063 FINAL EXAM REVIEW SHEET-ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY-WITH-ANSWERS.

NUR 2063 FINAL EXAM REVIEW SHEET-ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY-WITH-ANSWERS.Respiratory system includes: Nose and nasal cavity, Pharynx, larynx, trachea, Bronchi and their smaller branches, Lungs and the air sacs called alveoli, Hypoxemia - deficient oxygen in bloodstream / Hypoxia - a decrease in tissue oxygenation Hypercapnia – excessive carbon dioxide levels in blood / Dyspnea – shortness of breath Tachypnea – rapid respirations, >20 breaths per minute 1. Review the difference between primary and secondary brain injury • Primary brain injury - occurs as a direct result of the initial insult Example – Stroke, concussion • Secondary injury - refers to progressive damage resulting from the body’s physiologic response to the initial insult Example – brain swelling secondary to stroke • Critical factor in determining the neuronal cell fate after injury - degree of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion 2. Review causes of intracranial pressure; how does it lead to impaired neurological function? Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) • Volume of cranium composed of three elements: o Brain tissue o Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) o Blood • Normal ICP 0 to 15 mm Hg • Increased ICP can occur with space-occupying lesions, edema, or with obstruction or excessive Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) • Leads to impaired neurological functions due to: • Compression of brain tissue • Inability of the cranium to expand in adults – bones of skull fused in adulthood • Reduced blood flow to the brain from increased pressure • production of CSF 3. What are signs of increased ICP? • Clinical manifestations o Headache, vomiting, and altered level of consciousness (drowsiness)