NUR 221 (Critical Care - Test 4) Study Notes questions with complete solutions

Hematopoiesis Formation and maturation of blood cells What is the site for primary hematopoiesis? Bone marrow What is the site for secondary hematopoiesis? Organs that participate in the process including: 1. Spleen 2. Liver 3. Thymus 4. Lymphatic system 5. Lymphoid tissue What are the 4 components of blood? 1. Plasma 2. Solutes (ex: ions) 3. Serum proteins (ex: coagulation, healing, etc.) 4. Cells Erythrocytes Red Blood Cells (RBCs) **Normal Range: approximately 5 million RBCs in each cubic millimeter (mm3) **Lifespan: 120 days What is the job of erythrocytes? Oxygen transportation (O2 transport) Thrombocytes Platelets **Normal Range: 150,000 to 400,000 **Lifespan: 8 to 12 days What is the job of thrombocytes? Blood clotting Leukocytes White Blood Cells (WBCs) **Normal Range: 5,000 to 10,000 What is the job of leukocytes? Fight infection and antigens Immunity The body's ability to resist and fight infection Autoimmune Immune reaction directed against a person's own tissue Active immunity The immunity in which the body actively produces cells and mediators that result in destruction of the antigen Passive immunity The immunity that is transferred from another person **Ex: Maternal antibodies are transferred to the newborn through the placenta Hemostasis The physiological process involving platelets, blood proteins (clotting factors), and the vasculature to form blood clots to stop bleeding from injured vessels and natural anticoagulant and fibrinolytic systems to limit clot formation What are the 3 physiological mechanisms that trigger clotting in the body? 1. Tissue injury 2. Vessel injury 3. Presence of a foreign body in the bloodstream What are some cues of a hematological or immunological problem? 1. Altered oxygenation 2. Bleeding 3. Infection What are the first 2 screening diagnostic test performed to check for hematological and immunological abnormalities? 1. CBC with differential 2. Coagulation profile What is the normal value for the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)? 30 to 40 seconds **Textbook pg. 442 - Table 17.7** What is the normal value for the prothrombin time (PT)? 11 to 12.5 seconds **Textbook pg. 442 - Table 17.7** What is the normal value for the international normalized ratio (INR)? 0.8 to 1.1 **Textbook pg. 442 - Table 17.7**