Epidemiology Final Exam- Study Guide- 133 questions- with complete solutions

What is osteopenia? correct answer: Unusually low bone mass that leads to osteoporosis What is osteoporosis? correct answer: A disease characterized by abnormal bone loss When and how is osteoporosis detected? correct answer: - In 990-970 BC - Bone mass is measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) or CT scan What is the most common method of detection? correct answer: DEXA or CT scan What are the anatomical sites used during detection? correct answer: lumbar spine, proximal femur, or proximal radius of arm What is the diagnostic criteria for osteoporosis? correct answer: Bone mass density (BMD) must be lower than 2.5 SD below the average How much more likely is a person with osteoporosis to suffer from a fracture? correct answer: every 1 SD drop, the risk increases 2.6 times or 50-100% increase in fracture risk Does fracture risk vary with age and gender? correct answer: Yes, female = 40-50% and males= 13-22% How does the fracture risk vary by standard deviation bone loss? correct answer: every SD, the fracture risk increases 50-100% What are the most common fracture sites for adults? correct answer: micro- compression fracture of vertebrae, femoral neck, and wrist How does the incidence and prevalence of osteoporosis vary? correct answer: over age 50; men- 4% and women 16% What is the future projection of osteoporosis? correct answer: increase due to the life expectancy increasing; by 2020 over 61 million men and women will be diagnosed What is kyphosis? correct answer: exaggeration of the normal posterior curve of the thoracic spine- typically caused by compression fracture of the vertebrae Primary osteoporosis? correct answer: bone disorder from unknown cause that increases with age and and post menopause Secondary osteoporosis? correct answer: caused from another disease