MGT 200 Exam 1 Questions and Answers.

Management - ANSWER The planning, organizing, leading, and controlling of human and other resources to achieve organizational goals effectively and efficiently. Organizational Performance - ANSWER A measure of how effectively and efficiently a manager uses resources to satisfy customers and achieve organizational goals. Efficiency - ANSWER a measure of how productively resouces are used to achieve a goal Effectiveness - ANSWER a measure of the appropriateness of the goals an organization is pursuing and of the degree to which the organization achieves these goals. Planning - ANSWER Identifying and selecting appropriate goals. Organizing - ANSWER Structuring working relationships so organizational members work together to achieve organizational goals. Leading - ANSWER Articulating a clear vision and energizing and enabling organizational members so that they understand the part that they play in achieving organizational goals. Controlling - ANSWER Evaluating how well an organization is achieving its goals and taking action to maintain or improve performance. Strategy - ANSWER A cluster of decisions about what goals to pursue, what actions to take, and how to use resources to achieve goals. Organizational Structure - ANSWER A formal system of tasks and reporting relationships that coordinate and motivates organizational members so that they work together to achieve organizational goals. Conceptual Skills - ANSWER The ability to analyze and diagnose a situation and to distinguish between cause and effect. Human Skills - ANSWER The ability to understand, altar, lead, and control the behavior of other individuals and groups. Technical Skill - ANSWER The job-specific knowledge and techniques required to perform an organizational role. Core Competency - ANSWER The specific set of departmental skills, knowledge, and experience that allows one organization to outperform another. Restructuring - ANSWER Downsizing an organization by eliminating the jobs of large numbers of, top, middle, and first-line managers and nonmanagerial employees. Outsourcing - ANSWER Contracting with another company usually abroad, to have it perform an activity the organization previously performed itself. Empowerment - ANSWER The expansion of employees' knowledge, tasks, and decision making responsibilities. Self- Managed Teams - ANSWER A group of employees who assume responsibility for organizing, controlling, and supervising their own activities and monitoring the quality of goods and services they provide. Competitive Advantage - ANSWER The ability of one organization to outperform other organizations because it produces desired goods and services more efficiently and effectively than they do. Innovation - ANSWER The process of creating new or improved goods and services or developing better ways to produce or provide them. Turnabout Management - ANSWER The creating of a new vision for a struggling company based on a new approach to planning and organizing to make better use of a company's resources to allow it to survive and prosper. Extraversion - ANSWER The tendency to experience positive emotions and moods and to feel good about ones self and the rest of the world. Negative Affectivity - ANSWER The tendency to experience negative emotions and moods, to feel distressed, and to be critical of oneself and others. Agreeableness - ANSWER The tendency to get along well with other people. Conscientiousness - ANSWER The tendency to be careful, scrupulous, and persevering. Openness to Experience - ANSWER The tendency to be original, have broad interest, be open to a wide range of stimuli, be daring, and take risks. Internal Locus of Control - ANSWER The tendency to locate responsibility for one's fate within oneself. External Locus of Control - ANSWER The tendency to locate responsibility for one's fate in outside forces and to believe that one's own behavior has little impact on outcomes. Self-esteem - ANSWER The degree to which individuals feel good about themselves and their capabilities. Need for Achievement - ANSWER The extent to which an individual has a strong desire to perform challenging tasks well and to meet personal standard of excellence. Need for Affiliation - ANSWER The extent to which an individual is concerned about establishing and maintaining good interpersonal relations, being liked, and having other people get along. Need for Power - ANSWER The extent to which an individual desires to control and influence others. Terminal Value - ANSWER A lifelong goal or objective that an individual seeks to achieve. Instrumental Value - ANSWER A mode of conduct that an individual seeks to follow. Norms - ANSWER Unwritten, informal codes of conduct that prescribe how people should act in particular situations and are considered important by most members of a group or organization. Attitudes - ANSWER A collection of feelings and beliefs. Job Satisfaction - ANSWER The collection of feelings and beliefs that managers have about their current jobs. Mood - ANSWER A feeling or state of mind. Emotions - ANSWER Intense, relatively short-lives, feelings. Emotional Intelligence - ANSWER The ability to understand and manage one's own moods and emotions of other people. Organizational Culture - ANSWER The shared set of beliefs, expectations, values, norms, and work routines that influence the ways in which individuals, groups, and teams interact with one another and cooperate to achieve organizational goals. Organizational Socialization - ANSWER The process by which newcomers learn an organization's values and norms and acquire the work behaviors necessary to preform their jobs effectively. Ethics - ANSWER The inner guiding moral principles, values, and beliefs that people use to analyze or interpret a situation and then decide what is the the "right" or appropriate way to behave. Stakeholders - ANSWER The people and groups that supply a company with its productive resources and so have a claim on a stake in the company. Utilitarian Rule - ANSWER An ethical decision is a decision that produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Moral Rights Rule - ANSWER An ethical decision is a decision that best maintains and protects the fundamental or inalienable rights and privileges of the people affected by it. Justice Rule - ANSWER An ethical decision is a decision that distributes benefits and harms among people and groups in a fair, equitable, or impartial way. Practical Rule - ANSWER An ethical decision is a decision that a manager has no reluctance about communicating to people outside of the company because the typical person would think it is acceptable. Societal Ethics - ANSWER Standards that govern how members of a society are to deal with each other on issues such as fairness, justice, poverty, and the rights of the individual. Professional Ethics - ANSWER Standards that govern how members of a profession are to make decisions when the way they should behave is not clear-cut. Individual Ethics - ANSWER Personal values and attitudes that govern how individuals interact with people. Diversity - ANSWER Differences among people in age, gender, race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, socioeconomic background, and capabilities/disabilities. Glass Ceiling - ANSWER A metaphor for the invisible barriers that prevent minorities and women from being promoted to top corporate positions. Quid Pro Quid Sexual Harassment - ANSWER Asking for or forcing an employee to perform sexual favors in exchange for receiving some reward or avoiding negative consequences. Hostile Work Environment Sexual Harassment - ANSWER Telling lewd jokes, displaying pornography, making sexually oriented remarks about someone's personal appearance, and other sex-related action