PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING
SUBSTANCES AND METHODS
Chapter 11
, Page |1
Contents
Types of Performance-Enhancing Substances.......................................................................................................................3
Hormones..............................................................................................................................................................................5
Anabolic Steroids...............................................................................................................................................................5
Dosing............................................................................................................................................................................6
Who uses Anabolic Steroids?........................................................................................................................................6
Efficacy.......................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Muscle Mass and Strength............................................................................................................................................6
Athletic Performance.....................................................................................................................................................7
Physiological Effects......................................................................................................................................................7
Adverse Effects..............................................................................................................................................................7
Testosterone Precursors (prohormones)..........................................................................................................................8
HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin).............................................................................................................................8
Efficacy.......................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Adverse Effects..............................................................................................................................................................8
Insulin................................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Efficacy.......................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Adverse Effects..............................................................................................................................................................9
Human Growth Hormone..................................................................................................................................................9
Efficacy.......................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Adverse Effects............................................................................................................................................................10
Erythropoietin................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Efficacy........................................................................................................................................................................ 10
Adverse Effects............................................................................................................................................................10
β-Adrenergic Agonists.....................................................................................................................................................11
Efficacy........................................................................................................................................................................ 11
Adverse Effects............................................................................................................................................................11
β-Blockers........................................................................................................................................................................ 11
Efficacy........................................................................................................................................................................ 11
Adverse Effects............................................................................................................................................................11
Dietary Supplements...........................................................................................................................................................12
Essential Amino Acids, Branched-Chain Amino Acids......................................................................................................12
Efficacy........................................................................................................................................................................ 12
Arginine........................................................................................................................................................................... 13
, Page |2
Efficacy........................................................................................................................................................................ 13
Adverse Effects............................................................................................................................................................13
β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate..........................................................................................................................................13
Efficacy........................................................................................................................................................................ 13
Adverse Effects............................................................................................................................................................13
Nutritional Muscle Buffers...............................................................................................................................................14
β-Alanine..................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Sodium Bicarbonate....................................................................................................................................................14
Sodium Citrate.............................................................................................................................................................15
L-Carnitine................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Creatine........................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Importance of Creatine to Exercise.............................................................................................................................16
Creatine Supplementation...........................................................................................................................................16
Efficacy........................................................................................................................................................................ 16
Body Mass Changes.....................................................................................................................................................16
Adverse Effects............................................................................................................................................................16
Stimulants........................................................................................................................................................................ 17
Caffeine....................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Preworkout Energy Drinks...........................................................................................................................................18
Ephedrine.................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Citrus Aurantium.........................................................................................................................................................20
SUBSTANCES AND METHODS
Chapter 11
, Page |1
Contents
Types of Performance-Enhancing Substances.......................................................................................................................3
Hormones..............................................................................................................................................................................5
Anabolic Steroids...............................................................................................................................................................5
Dosing............................................................................................................................................................................6
Who uses Anabolic Steroids?........................................................................................................................................6
Efficacy.......................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Muscle Mass and Strength............................................................................................................................................6
Athletic Performance.....................................................................................................................................................7
Physiological Effects......................................................................................................................................................7
Adverse Effects..............................................................................................................................................................7
Testosterone Precursors (prohormones)..........................................................................................................................8
HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin).............................................................................................................................8
Efficacy.......................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Adverse Effects..............................................................................................................................................................8
Insulin................................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Efficacy.......................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Adverse Effects..............................................................................................................................................................9
Human Growth Hormone..................................................................................................................................................9
Efficacy.......................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Adverse Effects............................................................................................................................................................10
Erythropoietin................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Efficacy........................................................................................................................................................................ 10
Adverse Effects............................................................................................................................................................10
β-Adrenergic Agonists.....................................................................................................................................................11
Efficacy........................................................................................................................................................................ 11
Adverse Effects............................................................................................................................................................11
β-Blockers........................................................................................................................................................................ 11
Efficacy........................................................................................................................................................................ 11
Adverse Effects............................................................................................................................................................11
Dietary Supplements...........................................................................................................................................................12
Essential Amino Acids, Branched-Chain Amino Acids......................................................................................................12
Efficacy........................................................................................................................................................................ 12
Arginine........................................................................................................................................................................... 13
, Page |2
Efficacy........................................................................................................................................................................ 13
Adverse Effects............................................................................................................................................................13
β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate..........................................................................................................................................13
Efficacy........................................................................................................................................................................ 13
Adverse Effects............................................................................................................................................................13
Nutritional Muscle Buffers...............................................................................................................................................14
β-Alanine..................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Sodium Bicarbonate....................................................................................................................................................14
Sodium Citrate.............................................................................................................................................................15
L-Carnitine................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Creatine........................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Importance of Creatine to Exercise.............................................................................................................................16
Creatine Supplementation...........................................................................................................................................16
Efficacy........................................................................................................................................................................ 16
Body Mass Changes.....................................................................................................................................................16
Adverse Effects............................................................................................................................................................16
Stimulants........................................................................................................................................................................ 17
Caffeine....................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Preworkout Energy Drinks...........................................................................................................................................18
Ephedrine.................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Citrus Aurantium.........................................................................................................................................................20
