NR 283 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Concepts Review 2023

NR 283 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Concepts Review 2023. Cellular Adaptation/Cellular Injury. Mitochondria the main job of the mitochondria is that it produces most of the cell’s ATP or energy. Cellular metabolism There are 2 parts to metabolism: • Anabolism • The energy using process • Catabolism • The energy releasing process Ribosomes Ways of cellular communication Cellular respiration Anaerobic and aerobic Sodium/Potassium pump-function, what happens when it fails?, need ATP for this… Cellular adaptation-hypertrophy, atrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia (know examples, pathologic, physiologic, hormonal, compensatory) Reversible/irreversible injury Apoptosis vs. Necrosis Apoptosis(“dropping of”) is an important distinct type of cell death that differs from necrosis in several ways. Apoptosis is an active process of cellular self-destruction called programmed cell death and is implicated in both normal and pathologic tissue changes Necrosis--Cellular death eventually leads to cellular dissolution, or necrosis. Necrosis is the sum of cellular changes after local cell death and the process of cellular self-digestion, known as autodigestion or autolysis Types of Necrosis (liquefactive, coagulative, fat, gas gangrene, dry gangrene, wet gangrene caseous) Dry gangrene: Slow spreading, tissue becomes dry, brown or black, it shrinks and wrinkles. Wet gangrene:Area is cold, swollen, pulseless, moist, black and a foul odor production Coagulative necrosis. Occurs primarily in the kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands; commonly results from hypoxia caused by severe 103ischemia or hypoxia caused by chemical injury, especially ingestion of mercuric chloride. Coagulation is a result of protein denaturation, which causes the protein albumin to change from a gelatinous, transparent state to a firm, opaque state .The area of coagulative necrosis is called an infarct. Types of cells Cellular Injury (Chemical, Ischemia, Free Radicals, Reperfusion, Infectious, etc.) Ischemia: lack of blood flow Types of Injury (Blunt force, sharp, asphyxiation, gunshot wound, etc.) Bruising-hemosiderin Steps in cellular injury Aging Somatic Death-stages after death of body (livor mortis, algor mortis, rigor mortis) 2 Death-stages 1) Somatic death, which is the cessation of the vital process, and (2) molecular death, which is the progressive disintegration of the body Changes that occur within the first 12 hours of death i. Algor mortis (Cooling of the body) ii. Livor mortis/Post-mortem hypostasis (Lividity) the blood will tend to flow downward. Consequently they will accumulate in capillaries and small veins in dependent parts of the body, and this is manifest as a purple or reddish-purple colour on the skin. This is known as lividity, and it is usually apparent within half an hour to two hours after death, fully developing within 12 hours iii. Rigor mortis (Stiffening of the body) Genetics Chapter 2 DNA- in the nucleus  GENES ARE COMPOSED OF DNA WHICH HAS 3 BASIC COMPONENTS:  A 5 CARBON MONOSACCHARIDE (DEOXYRIBOSE)  A PHOSPHATE MOLECULE  4 NITROGENOUS BASES  2 ARE PYRIMADINES: CYTOSINE AND THYMINE  2 ARE PURINES: ADENINE AND GUANINE  THE IMPORTANCE OF DNA IS THAT IT DIRECTS THE SYNTHESIS OF ALL THE BODY’S PROTEINS  DNA REPLICATION CONSISTS OF BREAKING THE WEAK HYDROGEN BONDS BETWEEN THE BASES, LEAVING A SINGLE STRAND WITH EACH BASE UNPAIRED  THE CONSISTENT PAIRING OF A TO T AND C TO G IS CALLED COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRING.  IT IS THE KEY TO ACCURATE REPLICATION OF THE DNA RNA (RIBONUCLEIC ACID) • now remember, DNA is formed in the nucleus and the synthesis of the protein takes place in the cytoplasm • the code or information from the DNA has to make it out of the nucleus so that the protein can be made • this is done by RNA through the processes of transcription and translation • RNA is very similar to DNA with a few exceptions: • the sugar molecule is ribose instead of deoxyribose • one of the nitrogenous bases is different, instead of thymine, RNA has uracil • RNA is typically only a single strand, not a double Mitosis/Meiosis for cellular replication  Meiosis is the formation of new gamete cells  Mitosis is the formation of new somatic cells Chromosomes (normal number, abnormal numbers-aneuploidy, tetraploidy, etc, Monosomies, Trisomies, etc.)  Triploidy is when a zygote has 3 sets of each chromosome for a total of 69 pairs (23 x 3)  Tetraploidy is 4 sets of each chromosome for a total of 92 pairs (23 x 4)  Trisomy  A cell containing three copies of one chromosome  Monosomy  The presence of only one copy of a given chromosome in a diploid cell (somatic) • Aneuploidy • A somatic cell that does not contain 23 pairs of chromosomes Genes: When talking about genetics and genetic inheritance, there are a few things we need to talk about • Remember we get our genes from our parents • The genotype is what your genetic material is or says. • It is what you have • The phenotype on the other hand is what you portray on the outside (your appearance) • It is what you demonstrate • When looking at your genes, we also look at which one is dominant versus recessive • The gene that is portraying the observable effects (or your phenotype) is your dominant gene • The characteristics or elements that are hidden are considered to be on your recessive gene • It is the gene that is hiding and not portraying your characteristics Mutations is an inherited alteration of genetic material. Two types of Mutations  Silent Mutation  Where one base pair is exchanged or substituted for another  This typically does not cause any consequences in the individual, hence it is called a silent mutation  Frameshift mutations  The insertion or deletion of 1 or more base pairs in the DNA molecule  This will alter the amino acid and can cause serious consequences in the individual  For example, a patient may be born with some type of deformity or mental retardation