COM2603 EXAM PACK 2023

ctober/November 2021 Examination session: Super semester COM2603 Intercultural, development and health communication 80 marks Duration: 3 hours This paper consists of 4 pages. Instructions: • Aim to answer all the questions in the examination paper. • Please number all your answer pages. • Please number all your questions exactly as per the numbering in the examination question paper. • It is compulsory to answer ALL three sections in this examination paper (Section A, B and C). • Please do not leave blank spaces at all. • Please remember to submit your compulsory Departmental Declaration with the examination or you will obtain zero. (Refer to My Unisa under the additional resources page). It is also compulsory to submit the university declaration/honor pledge with your examination (follow the system rules here). • Referencing is compulsory per question (from both your study guide and textbook sources) or you will lose marks per question for no in-text referencing. • Please remember to save your completed examination paper in PDF format only. Other formats will not be accepted. • Submission of examination paper: please view the instructions sent out to all students with their examination timetable entitled, Student guide: Unisa file submission for COM2603 & the information placed on on my Unisa. • For scanned examination papers: please follow instructions sent out with your examination timetable entitled, Student guide: Unisa file submission for COM2603. Please ensure it is legible and clear. Only 1 single file upload is allowed. • No emailed examination papers will be accepted. • Please use the 1 hour allocated grace time for submission granted. S - The study-notes marketplace COM2603 OCTOBER/NOVEMBER 2021 [TURN OVER] 2 YOU HAVE TO ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS. INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION QUESTION 1 Intercultural communication and education 1.1 Why is education an important context in intercultural communication? Link your answer to how education as a social institution was affected by apartheid in South Africa as well as how this social institution can advance society. (4) 1.2 Formulate an explanation on culturally specific education by explaining the following aspects below. Link your discussions to practical examples in relation to South Africa from before and after the apartheid era. 1.2.1 Language: Explain what language schools are taught in, what is recommended, how many official languages does South Africa have and how the language of learning has changed from apartheid to the current free South Africa. (3) 1.2.2 Religion: What do public schools dictate in relation to religion post-apartheid? What are examples of culturally specific schools in SA that incorporate religion in their curriculum? Should religious beliefs be forced in schools? How can religion shape cultural values through education? (3) QUESTION 2 Explain the following imperatives of intercultural communication with practical field related examples. 2.1 Technological imperative (5) 2.2 Demographic imperative (5) 2.3 Economic imperative (5) 2.4 Ethical imperative (5) [30] AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION QUESTION 1 Both the modernisation and dependency paradigms were criticised for their contribution to the underdevelopment of the developing countries. Against this background, the new paradigm to development was proposed. As far as the new paradigm is concerned, development needs certain requirements. Briefly discuss any five requirements of the new paradigm/multiplicity-in-one-world. (3X5=15) This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :30:42 GMT -05:00 S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: faithnellah3 | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace COM2603 OCTOBER/NOVEMBER 2021 [TURN OVER] 3 QUESTION 2 2.1 With regard to the diffusion of innovations process, the acceptance or rejection of an innovation is depended on the nature of the innovation. Explain with examples the five characteristics related to the rate of adoption of an innovation. (5) 2.2 Define the following concepts and provide an example of each 2.2.1 Opinion leader (2½) 2.2.2 Change agent (2½) [25] AND HEALTH COMMUNICATION QUESTION 1 Development of relationships Read the scenario below and answer the questions that follow. Dingaan is ill and needs to visit a doctor. His friend Anirudth tells him to visit their family doctor, Dr SP Singh, a female general practitioner (GP). However, Dingaan’s mother advises him to go for a check-up at the local clinic with Dr Dangor. Dr SP Singh and Dr Dangor know each other well as they collaborate and work together, even though one is based in an urban surgery and the other in a rural clinic. Dingaan decides to visit both health care professionals for different opinions. From the scenario above, please explain/define the following health care relationships, with practical examples from the scenario, to put forward your discussion. 1.1 Health professional- patient relationship with practical examples from the scenario above. (4) 1.2 Health professional-Health professional relationships with practical examples from the scenario above. (4) 1.3 Health professional- significant other relationships with practical examples from the scenario above. (4) 1.4 Patient- significant other relationships with practical examples from the scenario above. (4) AND This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :30:42 GMT -05:00 S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: faithnellah3 | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 4 COM2603 OCTOBER/NOVEMBER 2021 QUESTION 2 Communication in healthcare 2.1 Explain the importance of communication in healthcare. (3) 2.2 Define medical terminology and provide practical examples of such. (3) 2.3 Explain what is meant by language barriers in health care and provide practical examples to put forward your discussion. (3) [25] TOTAL: 80 © UNISA 2021 This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :30:42 GMT -05:00 Powered by TCPDF () S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: faithnellah3 | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 4 INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION QUESTION 1: Intercultural communication and education 1.1 Education is an important context in intercultural communication. This is because both students and teachers derive from different varieties of cultural backgrounds. It is highly important for the educators and students in the classroom to communicate efficiently and therefore intercultural communication should also be handled because if the communication operating between students and educators is not relevant and not sensitive to the cultural differences of the educational institution, there will be social inequality operating at the education facilities (Martin et al 2013: 201). Education as a social institution was affected by apartheid in South Africa as the South African system had 15 different ethnically divided administrative Departments of Education whereas the ‘white education’ system was the most privileged among the others (Singh:2004:2,Martin et al 2013: 203). 1.2.1 The aspect of language was also affected in schools and educational institutions in the apartheid era, but now in South Africa, according to the Information paper of Curriculum 2005, Lifelong Learning for the 21st Century, all 11 official languages are included in the Department of Education forum and a child has the right now to be educated in the language of his or her own choice, if it is optionally or practically possible. According to the national Education Act (Act 27,1996), it is also the responsibility of the governing body of the school to decide on the language policy of the school institution. However, the decisions made should not be based on racial discrimination and schools are allowed to teach in more than one language if it is necessary in order to promote multilingualism (Martin et al 2013: 206). During the apartheid era, the 11 now official languages which were the Bantu languages were not stigmatized as the languages that were operating and being used were either English or Afrikaans in the Department of Education. 1.2.2 Now the religious educational institutions are other sites or systems where cultural values also influence or affect educational experience. After the Apartheid era, the new law which was established on the constitution of South Africa was freedom of religion. The freedom of religion is quite necessary in our South African constitution, this also means that even in the educational system, it is important for every learner and educator to have freedom of religion, belief, opinion, etc. What has been established in educational institution system is the practice of religions, for example, in other institutions there is practice of assembly prayers the religious practices that operate in the school. These religious practices and affiliations are also determined by the school governing policy which also ensures that there is no racial discrimination and that the practices are voluntary and not compulsory. (Martin et al 2013: 207). In South Africa, there are both Christian and Muslim S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: faithnellah3 | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 5 Schools such as the Catholic Institute of Education and Central Islamic School. These schools are culturally specific schools in SA that incorporate religion in their curriculum. Religions should not be forced in schools, they should be voluntary. QUESTION 2 Explain the following imperatives of intercultural communication with practical field related examples. 2.1 Technological imperative The role of this imperative refers to how technology such as the internet, cellphones, radio and television has affected our attitude and thinking in the way we establish intercultural relationships (University of South Africa 2013:4). The internet has shaped the process and means of. Examples of applications which are used to alleviate problems of communication are Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat etc. We can meet people from across the world and be able to learn more about their culture and lifestyle. However, we also have a disadvantage of the digital divide – those that are excluded from the communication because they do not have access or other aspects (age gap). This is one of the major challenges that we face even in South Africa. We all are creating a network which has several advantages for those that have access. We also need to keep in mind that one of the disadvantages is cyberbullying which many young people are subjected to. Example: South Africa belonging to SADEC (Southern African Development Community) with 15 other member states that have transnational trade agreements and also providing political and security cooperation for member states (Martin et al 2013:5). Another field related example is a Marketing company in South Africa that is able to conduct business deals and have investors that are International stakeholders. 2.2 Demographic imperative Demographics refer to the diversity in the characteristics of a population: nationality, race, ethnicity, age, sex, and income and so on. Demographics are also the general characteristics of a given population. We are a homogenous and heterogenous society. This means that we have communities that are the same in structure, composition or have a shared identity and we are different in the sense that we have communities that differ vastly as compared to others(University of South Africa 2013:4).It is declared in Martin, Nayakama, van Rheede van Oudtshoorn and Schutte (2013:12) that when there are demographic movements, the changes and characteristics may present opportunities and challenges that includes, tension amongst racial and ethnic groups, and fear on the part of political dominant groups. S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: faithnellah3 | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 6 An example of a demographic imperative are the communities or areas in South Africa such as the area of Soweto, which have similar aspects of tradition but are different based on their race, religion and gender views. 2.3 Economic imperative This is the recognition that cultural differences in business practices have repercussions when people from different cultures and different companies do business with one another and work together. It is highly important for us to recognise the various cultures that exist within South Africa, the African continent and globally. This is important for us to conduct business relations. Examples South Africa belonging to SADC (Southern African Development Community) with 15 other member states that have transnational trade agreements and also providing political and security cooperation for member states (Martin et al 2013:5). With that said it is highly important to acknowledge that the Arab countries have their weekend on a Friday and Saturday whereas we have a weekend on a Saturday and Sunday. This also signifies that if we are doing business with an Arab country we should not be expecting businesses to be operational on a Friday. 2.4 Ethical imperative The ethical imperative can be termed as the principles of conduct (or ethics). It is what can be assumed to be right or wrong. An example of this would be a government official in the Municipality offering a family member a tender in their business operations without any protocol observed. This is seen as ethically wrong as it is a conflict of interest. But we also have to think of ethics in terms of culture. A workplace may have a culture of doing business that may be viewed as being somewhat unethical when looked at from a different lens. It is through cultural values that people are taught what is good and what is supposed to be good. (Martin et al 2013:5). DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION QUESTION 1 Both the modernisation and dependency paradigms were criticised for their contribution to the underdevelopment of the developing countries. Against this S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: faithnellah3 | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 7 background, the new paradigm to development was proposed. As far as the new paradigm is concerned, development needs certain requirements. The new paradigm of development emphasizes that development should be seen as an independent, multi-dimensional, integral as well as a process that is participatory, which is different in a society. This type of development will cause great change in the social structures and national institution which will equate to economic growth and result in the destruction of poverty According to Servaes (1999:78-79, Martin et al,2013,147), the new paradigm is based on the following requirements that development needs to fulfil: 1. Basic needs The term of basic needs can be described as an approach in one of the major approaches that is able to reduce the measurement of dire poverty in the developing countries. Development is established in order to meet and create basic human, material and non-material needs. The basic needs such as the need for expression, equality and the ability of the majority of the dominated and exploited people to understand and muster their own destiny must be satisfied first in the development communication. (University of South Africa 2013:147) 2. Endogeny. When describing the requirement of endogeny, it can be said to be the development of growth within. Endogeny stems from the heart of each society and defines its values and the vision of its future. There is no universal model for development, only plurality of development that applies for each society. (University of South Africa 2013:147) 3.Self-reliance. This is the quality of depending on oneself and not to be dependant or reliant on other countries or people for assistance. Each society relies on its own strength and resources and its natural and cultural environment. Self-reliance can be visible at international, national and community rates or levels of operations. (University of South Africa 2013:148) 4 Ecology. This requirement deals with how organisms of different kinds interact with one another and also with how they interact in their physical environment. It is also the rational usage of natural resources and understanding of the local ecosystems. It S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: faithnellah3 | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 8 implies the equitable access to resources by all and the use of socially relevant technologies that do not damage the environment. (University of South Africa 2013:148). 5. Sustainability This requirement deals with dealing with the development and creation of one's own needs without compromising the future generations ‘ability to meet their own needs. This can be based to natural resources renewable and non-renewable resources in the environment and so forth. Development should be sustainable and consider the interdependence of resources both for present and future generations and in national and international contexts. (University of South Africa 2013:148) QUESTION 2 2.1 The acceptance or rejection of an innovation depended on the nature of the innovation itself, and the rate of adoption of an innovation was related to the following characteristics of the innovation (Rogers 1990:264, University of South Africa, 2013:100) 1 Relative advantage of the innovation compared with the existing conditions. this is the idea that and innovation which is said to be better than the idea it is compared to. They have a clear adoption and can be easily implemented. (University of South Africa 2013:100) For example, the financial restitution of a company that could be gained from adopting and implementing an innovation. 2.Compatibility of the innovation with existing values and past experiences of the recipient (University of South Africa 2013:100). For example, the introduction of abortion in a Christian community would be rejected because it conflicted with existing values and attitudes and it is termed to be sinful. 3.Complexity or degree of difficulty of the innovation(University of South Africa 2013:100). For example, television is easier to use than a computer. 4.Trialability or the degree to which an innovation can be tried out and tested. (University of South Africa 2013:100) S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: faithnellah3 | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 9 For example, an innovation involving less risk would be accepted more readily than one that has higher risks. Such as the invention of a vaccine for a currently incurable virus will unlikely be accepted as it will have high risks whereas a flu vaccine will be accepted as it has less risks. 5.Observability or the degree to which the results of the innovation are apparent to the recipient (or visible to the adopters). (University of South Africa 2013:100) For example, an innovation that produces results in short time would have an advantage over one that produces results after a long time. And if there are observable positive outcomes from the implementation of the innovation then the innovation will become more adoptable. 2.2.1 Opinion leader This is a person better responsible for decision making and they influence the consumption extensile attitudes of others who can be called opinion recipients. (University of South Africa 2008:101-102) 2.2.2 Change agent A change agent is established in order to be able to identify opinion leaders in the community (University of South Africa 2008:101-102). HEALTH COMMUNICATION QUESTION 1 Development of relationships Read the scenario below and answer the questions that follow. 1.1 A health professional-patient relationship is a relationship between the person who provides healthcare and the person who receives the care. (University of Dingaan is ill and needs to visit a doctor. His friend Anirudth tells him to visit their family doctor, Dr SP Singh, a female general practitioner (GP). However, Dingaan’s mother advises him to go for a check-up at the local clinic with Dr Dangor. Dr SP Singh and Dr Dangor know each other well as they collaborate and work together, even though one is based in an urban surgery and the other in a rural clinic. Dingaan decides to visit both health care professionals for different opinions. S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: faithnellah3 | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 10 South Africa 2008:190). In this scenario Dingaan is the patient while Dr SP Singh and Dr Dangor are the Health Professionals. 1.2 Health professional-health professional relationships are relationships in which communication events occur when health professionals need to cooperate with one another in order to help patients resolve complex healthcare problems(University of South Africa 2008:190). In this scenario, Dr SP Singh and Dr Dangor are the Health Professionals. 1.3 Health professional-significant others relationships are the relationships which consist of interactions between health professionals and the family or friends of the patient. (University of South Africa 2008:190) in this scenario, Anirudth (who is Dingaan’s friend), is the significant other. 1.4 The patient-significant others relationships is a relationship which encounters between patients and their family and friends). (University of South Africa 2008:190)In this scenario, Anirudth (who is Dingaan’s friend), is the significant other and Dingaan is the patient. QUESTION 2 Communication in healthcare 2.1 Health communication can be defined as human interaction in the healthcare process or as health-related transactions. It is the dissemination and the interpretation of health-related messages by participants in the healthcare process. It is an ongoing and dynamic interaction process, which may lead to mutual understanding between the participants in the healthcare process. 2.2 Medical terminology is the language that can be used to describe the components and processes of the human body and the diseases procedures of and medical disorders it is the vocabulary of medical professionals. E.G Biomedical approach - The biomedical approach is viewed as an illness centred model. According to this approach, diagnosis and remedies are important and health professionals ``know'' what is in patients' best interest without much input from patients themselves. Outcomes approach - This approach is viewed as a patient-centred model. Being healthy implies physical, mental and social health. Health outcomes are influenced by the quality of life and attention to individuals' preferences and decision making. S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: faithnellah3 | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 11 Health professionals and patients are the interactional partners in the healthcare process. 2.3 Language barriers can result in enormous mishaps in healthcare service delivery. If the spoken language is not understood, both patients and healthcare providers can become confused. In a culturally diverse country like South Africa medical doctors need to learn and understand African languages in order to assist patients maintain adherence. Without interpreters, medical doctor’s even pharmacists can become confused and patients can be disadvantaged. In medical schools around SA different official languages are being thought in relation to the provincial area the university is found within. However medical professionals need to understand what is communicated to them in order to assist a patient effectively (Martin et al 2013:220). For example: A conversation between a patient who speaks Sesotho being treated by a doctor, who only speaks English, can cause confusion and frustration between the patient and the doctor. If a patient misunderstands a doctor’s instructions for medication dosage the patients’ health can further be disadvantaged. SOURCES CONSULTED 1. MARTIN, JN, NAKAYAMA, TK, VAN RHEEDE VAN OUDTSHOORN, GP & SCHUTTE, PJ. 2013. EXPERIENCING INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION: AN INTRODUCTION. SOUTH AFRICAN EDITION. LONDON: MCGRAW-HILL. 2. UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA. 2008. INTERCULTURAL, DEVELOPMENT & HEALTH COMMUNICATION ONLY STUDY GUIDE FOR COM2048. DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNICATION, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA, PRETORIA. S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: faithnellah3 | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace [TURN OVER] UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS October/November 2020 COM2603 Intercultural, Development and Health Communication 80 Marks Duration: 3 hours This paper consists of 4 pages. Instructions: • Aim to answer all the questions in the examination paper. • Please number all your answer pages. • Please number all your questions exactly as per the numbering in the examination question paper. • It is compulsory to answer ALL three sections in this examination paper (Section A, B and C). • Please do not leave blank spaces at all. • Please remember to submit your compulsory Departmental Declaration with the examination or you will obtain zero. (Refer to My Unisa under the additional resources page). It is also compulsory to submit the university declaration with your examination (follow the system rules here). • Referencing is compulsory per question (from both your study guide and textbook sources) or you will lose marks per question for no in-text referencing. • Please remember to save your completed examination paper in PDF format only. Other formats will not be accepted. • Submission of examination paper: please view the instructions sent out to all students with their examination timetable entitled, Student guide: Unisa file submission for COM 2603 & the help files placed on my Unisa. • For scanned examination papers: please follow instructions sent out with your examination timetable entitled, Student guide: Unisa file submission for COM2603 & the help files placed on my Unisa. • No emailed examination papers will be accepted. • Please use the allocated grace time for submission granted. S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: faithnellah3 | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace COM2603 OCTOBER/NOVEMBER 2020 [TURN OVER] 2 SECTION A INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION QUESTION 1 Discuss the following building blocks of intercultural communication and substantiate your discussion with examples from your own observation. 1.1 Power. (5) 1.2 Historical context. (5) 1.3 Discuss cultural imperialism and substantiate your discussion with examples from the African continent. (5) 1.4 Multicultural business contexts are often characterised by communication challenges, as different groups prefer different communication styles. Discuss high versus low context communication and provide examples from your own experiences. (5) 1.5 Discuss the following characteristics of culture and provide examples from your own experiences. 1.5.1 Culture is learned. (5) 1.5.2 Culture is dynamic and heterogenous. (5) TOTAL FOR SECTION A: 30 S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: faithnellah3 | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace COM2603 OCTOBER/NOVEMBER 2020 [TURN OVER] 3 SECTION B DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION QUESTION 1 The new approach to development puts more emphasis on people’s participation in scientific research in development communication. 1.1 Discuss participatory research by focussing on its assumptions. (5) 1.2 Discuss five main assumptions of the dependency paradigm. (5) QUESTION 2 In communication for participatory development, the notion of participation is crucial for any developmental project to succeed. 2.1 Explain the idea of participation in your own words. (3) 2.2 Identify the two approaches to participation and explain how each considers participation. Provide relevant examples for each approach. (12) TOTAL FOR SECTION B: 25 S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: faithnellah3 | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 4 COM2603 OCTOBER/NOVEMBER 2020 SECTION C HEALTH COMMUN ICATION QUESTION 1 Health communication Models: King Interaction Model 1.1 Provide an explanation of the two members involved in the communication process of the King Interaction model. (1) 1.2 Provide an explanation/summary of the model. (4) 1.3 Provide an explanation of the following tenets of the model: 1.3.1 Feedback loop. (2) 1.3.2 Transactions. (2) QUESTION 2 Read the scenario below in order to answer the questions that follow in relation to ethics and morals in health care contexts. Rape in South Africa is rife, it is estimated that 40,035 rapes occurred in 2017/18 (Africa Check 2018). Ethics and morality issues arise in rape cases in medical setting for privacy and respect towards individuals. Source: Africa Check 2018. Available at: Accessed on 09/04/2019. 2.1 Define ethics in relation to medical contexts. (4) 2.2 Define morals in relation to a medical context. (4) 2.3 Provide an explanation of the ethical dilemma discussed above. (4) 2.4 Explain how ethics relates to health communication in relation to the scenario above. (4) TOTAL FOR SECTION C: 25