PATHO 370 Test 2 2023 COMPLETE

PATHO 370 Test 2 2023 COMPLETE. PATHO 370 Pathophysiology Which vessel normally demonstrates the most rapid blood flow? Selected Answer: c. The vena cava Correct Answer: c. The vena cava Response Feedback: The vena cava has the most rapid rate of flow. Arterioles don’t offer the most rapid blood flow. Capillaries are composed of a single thickness of endothelial cells attached to a protein network called the basement membrane and don’t offer the most rapid blood flow. A venule begins where the arteriole ends and doesn’t offer the most rapid blood flow.  Question 2 0.125 out of 0.125 points Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of Selected Answer: b. intrinsic factor. Correct Answer: b. intrinsic factor. Response Feedback: The fundamental defect causing pernicious anemia is the lack of intrinsic factor. Without it, vitamin B12 cannot be absorbed. Iron deficiency does not lead to pernicious anemia. Rather, it is the most common cause of anemia and is the result of unavailability of iron for hemoglobin synthesis. Pernicious anemia and folate deficiency are similar in etiology. Both are caused by a disruption in DNA synthesis of blast cells in bone marrow. Erythropoietin is necessary for the production of red cells.  Question 3 0.125 out of 0.125 points Two of the most serious oncology emergencies associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma are obstruction of the superior vena cava and compression of the spinal cord. Selected Answer: a. True Correct Answer: a. True Response Feedback: Compression of the spinal cord is one of the two most serious oncology emergencies associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma.  Question 4 0 out of 0.125 points The most common primary immune deficiency that affects only B cells is Selected Answer: d. Bruton agammaglobulinemia. Correct Answer: c. selective IgA. Response Feedback: The most common B-cell primary immunodeficiency disorder is selective IgA deficiency. This disorder affects 1:2000 persons. DiGeorge is a T-cell primary immune deficiency. Bruton agammaglobulinemia is not the most common primary immune deficiency affecting B cells; frequency of disease is 1:250,000 males. Females are carriers. Wiskott–Aldrich affects both T cells and B cells.  Question 5 0.125 out of 0.125 points The effects of histamine release include Selected Answer: c. increased vascular permeability. Correct Answer: c. increased vascular permeability. Response Feedback: Histamine release leads to increased vascular permeability, which fosters fluid movement out of capillaries and into tissues leading to the edema common in type I hypersensitivity. Histamine leads to bronchoconstriction, increased gut permeability, and vasodilation (not vasoconstriction).  Question 6 0.125 out of 0.125 points Risk factors for atherosclerosis include Selected Answer: d. hyperlipidemia. Correct Answer: d. hyperlipidemia. Response Feedback: Hyperlipidemia is a modifiable risk factor associated with atherosclerosis. Men have a higher incidence of atherosclerosis earlier in life than women. A high-protein diet is not associated with atherosclerosis. Dietary fats do play a role as a modifiable risk factor. A low-fiber diet is not a risk factor for atherosclerosis.  Question 7 0.125 out of 0.125 points Patients with immunodeficiency disorders are usually first identified because they Selected Answer: c. develop recurrent infections. Correct Answer: c. develop recurrent infections. Response Feedback: The first clinical indicators of immunodeficiency disorders are the signs and symptoms of infection, and the disorders are often first suspected when an individual has severe recurrent, unusual, or unmanageable infections. High fevers can occur in patients who have an intact immune system. Because of the immune deficiency, patients with immunodeficiency disorders may not demonstrate expected WBC counts with infection. Infections in patients with immunodeficiency disorders can occur anywhere in the body.  Question 8 0.125 out of 0.125 points The conversion of plasminogen to plasmin results in Selected Answer: c. fibrinolysis. Correct Answer: c. fibrinolysis. Response Feedback: Fibrinolysis is the process of clot dissolution and occurs when plasminogen activators cleave plasminogen to plasmin. Clot retraction occurs when the components of the fibrin clot are compressed or contracted to form a clot. Factors released from platelets contribute to hemostasis by enhancing vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, and vessel repair. Platelet aggregation is not the result of plasmin conversion. Thrombin cleaves fibrinogen to form a fibrin clot.  Question 9 0 out of 0.125 points Activation of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by Selected Answer: a. platelet factors. Correct Answer: b. tissue thromboplastin. Response Feedback: The extrinsic pathway of coagulation begins when the vascular wall is traumatized. Tissue factor from injured tissue activates factors which in turn activate and convert into thrombin for clotting. Platelets play a major role in primary hemostasis as well as secondary hemostasis and clot retraction. Platelets accelerate the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. Platelets adhere to collagen exposed by trauma and initiate degranulation. Factor VII is involved in the extrinsic pathway of coagulation when it is activated by tissue factor following a traumatic injury.  Question 10 0.125 out of 0.125 points A commonly ingested substance associated with prolongation of the bleeding time is Selected Answer: c. aspirin. Correct Answer: c. aspirin. Response Feedback: Many drugs are associated with prolonged bleeding times. Aspirin is known to alter normal platelet function. Acetaminophen is not associated with prolongation of bleeding time. Tobacco does not interfere with bleeding times. Caffeine does not interfere with bleeding times.  Question 11 0.125 out of 0.125 points Most carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream as Selected Answer: c. bicarbonate ion. Correct Answer: c. bicarbonate ion. Response Feedback: Approximately 90% of the CO2 in the arterial blood and 60% of the CO2 in the venous blood are transported as bicarbonate. Carbon dioxide is not transported as carboxyhemoglobin. Some of the remaining carbon dioxide binds with protein to form carbaminohemoglobin for CO2 transport, but dissolved carbon dioxide is not the primary means of bloodstream transportation. Carbonic acid is disassociated into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions for elimination by the lungs and kidneys.  Question 12 0.125 out of 0.125 points The strength of the bond between oxygen and hemoglobin is known as the Selected Answer: d. oxygen-hemoglobin affinity. Correct Answer: d. oxygen-hemoglobin affinity. Response Feedback: The strength of the bond between oxygen and hemoglobin is called the oxygen-hemoglobin affinity. Hemoglobin saturation is higher when oxygen infinity is increased, and saturation is lower when affinity is decreased. The Bohr effect occurs when the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve experiences a shift resulting from changes in PCO2 and H+ concentration. The dissociation curve describes the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and hemoglobin saturation. Hemoglobin synthesis occurs in the immature red cell.  Question 13 0.125 out of 0.125 points Excessive red cell lysis can be detected by measuring the serum Selected Answer: d. bilirubin. Correct Answer: d. bilirubin. Response Feedback: Any condition causing increased red cell destruction increases the total load of bilirubin to be cleared, which leads to increased serum bilirubin levels and possible jaundice. Red cell destruction does not lead to changes in the hemoglobin level. Methemoglobin is formed when iron of the hemoglobin molecule is oxidized to the ferric state. Erythropoietin is secreted in response to hypoxia.  Question 14 0.125 out of 0.125 points Velocity of blood flow is measured in Selected Answer: d. centimeters per second. Correct Answer: d. centimeters per second. Response Feedback: Velocity of blood flow is measured in centimeters per second. Millimeters per minute is the not the measurement of the velocity of blood flow. Yards per hour is not a measurement of velocity. The velocity of blood flow is not measured in kilometers per minute.  Question 15 0.125 out of 0.125 points RhoGAM (an Rh antibody) would be appropriate in an Rh-_____ woman with an _____ Rh-_____ antibody titer carrying an Rh-_____ fetus. Selected Answer: d. negative; negative; positive Correct Answer: d. negative; negative; positive Response Feedback: If a woman is Rh-negative, RhoGAM is administered for prevention of Rh-positive antibodies. Erythroblastosis fetalis develops during pregnancy when an Rh-negative mother is sensitized to her fetus’s Rh-positive red cell group antigens because of exposure during her current or a previous pregnancy. RhoGAM contains antibodies against Rh antigens on fetal blood cells and is given to the mother to destroy fetal cells that may be present in her circulation before her immune system becomes activated and begins to produce anti-Rh antibodies. RhoGAM is not effective if the mother already has a positive antibody titer for fetal Rh antigens. An Rh-positive woman with negative Rh antibody titer carrying Rh-negative fetus does not require RhoGAM because the mother is Rh-positive and the fetus is Rh-negative.  Question 16 0.125 out of 0.125 points Treatment for hemophilia A includes Selected Answer: c. factor VIII replacement. Correct Answer: c. factor VIII replacement. Response Feedback: Factor VIII administration is a common treatment choice for hemophilia A, particularly with dental procedures requiring local anesthesia. Heparin administration is typically highly contraindicated in an individual with a bleeding disorder although in some cases it is given to patients with DIC. Factor IX may be available as a treatment option for hemophilia B. A platelet transfusion is not of benefit in the hemophilia A patient.  Question 17 0.125 out of 0.125 points A serious complication of deep vein thrombosis is Selected Answer: a. pulmonary embolus. Correct Answer: a. pulmonary embolus. Response Feedback: Deep vein thrombosis is treated aggressively, as it is the most frequent source of pulmonary embolus. Deep vein thrombosis is not the cause of a stroke. Hypertensive crisis is unrelated to deep vein thrombosis. Extremity necrosis could result from prolonged arterial occlusion.  Question 18 0.125 out of 0.125 points Seasonal allergic rhinitis is most involved in type II hypersensitivity reactions. Selected Answer: b. False Correct Answer: b. False Response Feedback: Seasonal allergic rhinitis is most involved in type I hypersensitivity reactions.  Question 19 0.125 out of 0.125 points Hemophilia B is also known as Christmas disease. Selected Answer: a. True Correct Answer: a. True Response Feedback: Hemophilia B is also known as Christmas disease.  Question 20 0.125 out of 0.125 points A patient presents to the physician’s office with pinpoint hemorrhages on the skin. The patient is most likely between the ages of _____ years. Selected Answer: c. 4 and 7 Correct Answer: c. 4 and 7 Response Feedback: Allergic purpura is most often seen in children between the ages of 4 and 7 years. Allergic purpura is not often seen in infants, teenagers, or adults.  Question 21 0.125 out of 0.125 points A deficiency of von Willebrand factor impairs Selected Answer: a. platelet adhesion to injured tissue. Correct Answer: a. platelet adhesion to injured tissue. Response Feedback: Absence of platelet adhesion at the site of vascular injury and deficient factor VIII activity in the intrinsic coagulation pathway contribute to the bleeding seen in von Willebrand disease. The coagulation cascade is not activated by a deficiency of von Willebrand factor. Platelet aggregation is not related to a deficiency of the von Willebrand factor. von Willebrand factor is necessary for normal adherence of platelets for damaged vascular endothelium.  Question 22 0.125 out of 0.125 points Transfusion reactions involve RBC destruction caused by Selected Answer: d. recipient antibodies. Correct Answer: d. recipient antibodies. Response Feedback: The recipient of the blood transfusion has antibodies to the donor’s red blood cell (RBC) antigens; the antibodies destroy large numbers of RBC. Donor antigens, donor T, and recipient T cells do not cause transfusion reactions.  Question 23 0.125 out of 0.125 points The activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is a measure of the integrity of Selected Answer: b. the intrinsic pathway. Correct Answer: b. the intrinsic pathway. Response Feedback: The intrinsic pathway is assessed through the aPTT. The extrinsic pathway is assessed through measurements of the PT and INR. An abnormal factor VIII function results in hemophilia A. The deficiency is verified by factor assay. The aPTT is not utilized to assess the integrity of plasminogen.  Question 24 0.125 out of 0.125 points A 5-year-old patient’s parents report loss of appetite and fatigue in their child. The parents also state that the child refuses to walk as a result of pain. The child’s most likely diagnosis is Selected Answer: c. ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia) Correct Answer: c. ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia) Response Feedback: ALL is primarily a disorder of children with an abrupt onset of bone pain, bruising, fever, and infection. Children may refuse to walk and experience fatigue, loss of appetite, and abdominal pain. In CML, AML, and CLL, children do not complain of pain with walking. Additionally, chronic leukemia is most commonly found in adults.