ARDMS Vascular Questions With 100% Correct Answers 2023

what are the 5 vessels of the micro circulation? - Correct answer-arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins what are arteries? - Correct answer-transport gases, nutrients, and other essential substances to the capillaries what happens to the size of arteries as they progress from the aorta to the arterioles? - Correct answer-they progressively decrease what are arterioles? - Correct answer-considered resistance vessels assist with regulating blood flow through contraction and relaxation what are capillaries? - Correct answer-nutrients and waste products are exchanged between the tissue and blood what are venules? - Correct answer-collect blood from the capillary beds also assist with regulating blood flow through contraction and relaxation what are veins? - Correct answer-collect blood from the venules and return it to the heart what happens to the size of veins as they progress from the venules to the heart? - Correct answer-they get progressively larger what three layers make up the anatomy of a vessel wall? - Correct answer-tunica intima tunica media tunica adventitia/ externa what is the tunica intima? - Correct answer-innermost layer consisting of smooth endothelial space is the site of proliferative activity: atherosclerosis Where does atherosclerosis occur? - Correct answer-tunica intima what is the tunica media? - Correct answer-middle layer thickest layer composed of smooth muscle cells intermingled with elastic fibers what is the tunica adventitia? what is it also called? - Correct answer-tunica externa outer layer thinner than tunica media contains fibrous connective tissue some muscle fibers which vessel wall layer contains nerve fibers and lymphatics? what is their purpose? - Correct answer-tunica externa to remove metabolic waste and nourish the vessel which vessel wall layer contains the vasa vasorum? - Correct answer-tunica adventitia what is the vasa vasorum? - Correct answer-the blood supply within a blood supply a network of small vessels that supply the walls of large blood vessels what are the 4 parts of the aorta? - Correct answer-ascending aorta aortic arch descending thoracic aorta abdominal aorta what is the ascending aorta? - Correct answer-portion of the aorta from the aortic valve to the first branch what is the aortic arch? - Correct answer-portion of the aorta that contains the 3 main branches of the aorta (IA, LCCA, LSCA) what is the descending thoracic aorta? - Correct answer-portion of the aorta between the aortic arch and the diaphragm generally not evaluated with vascular US cannot insonate what is the abdominal aorta? - Correct answer-begins at the diaphragm terminates at the aortic bifurcation into the iliac arteries what are the first branches of the aorta? - Correct answer-the coronary arteries what are the 3 main branches of the aortic arch? - Correct answer-brachiocephalic artery left common carotid artery left subclavian artery what is the brachiocephalic artery? What is it also known as? - Correct answerinnominate artery first and largest branch begins DIRECTLY off of the aortic arch bifurcates into the RSCA and RCCA what is the left common carotid artery? - Correct answer-second branch directly off of the aortic arch what is the left subclavian artery? - Correct answer-third branch off of the aortic arch what are the 5 UE arteries? - Correct answer-SCA Axillary artery brachial artery radial artery ulnar artery what/where does the subclavian artery terminate into? - Correct answer-terminates in the axillary artery at the border of the first rib what/where does the axillary artery terminate into? - Correct answer-passes behind the clavicle terminates at the brachial artery at the axilla what is the brachial artery? what does it supply? where does it terminate into? what does it divide into? - Correct answer-begins as the continuation of the axillary artery travels through the medial upper arm to the elbow/antecubital fossa main blood supply to the arm, forearm, and hand divides into the radial and ulnar arteries (usually near the elbow but the bifurcation location varies) what is the radial artery? where does it terminate? - Correct answer-travels down LATERAL side of the forearm into the hand terminally branches into the deep palmar arch what is the ulnar artery? where does it terminate? - Correct answer-begins at the brachial artery travels down the MEDIAL side of the forearm into the hand terminally branches into the superficial palmar arch what are the two arches of the hand? - Correct answer-superficial palmar (volar) arch deep palmar (volar) arch what is the source of the superficial palmar arch? where does the arch course? - Correct answer-ulnar artery with contribution from the radial artery courses along the back of the hand what is the source of the deep palmar arch? where does the arch course? - Correct answer-radial artery with contribution from ulnar artery courses along the palm of the hand is the palmar arch always complete - Correct answer-NO what are the 7 visceral branches of the abdominal aorta? - Correct answer-celiac artery left gastric artery common hepatic artery splenic artery superior mesenteric artery renal arteries inferior mesenteric artery What does the celiac artery supply? what does it divide into? - Correct answer-supplies stomach, liver, pancreas, duodenum, spleen divides into: left gastric artery common hepatic artery splenic artery what does the left gastric artery supply? - Correct answer-stomach and esophagus branch off of celiac What does the common hepatic artery supply? - Correct answer-liver branch of celiac What does the splenic artery supply? - Correct answer-spleen branch of celiac what does the SMA supply? where is it located? what other artery can it have a common trunk with? - Correct answer-supplies: small intestine cecum parts of the colon located 1 cm distal to the celiac artery celiac what does the renal arteries supply? where do they arise? which one (R or L) is longer? Why? what is a common anatomical variant of these arteries? - Correct answer-Supply: kidneys suprarenal glands ureters right is longer than the left bc it passes behind the IVC multiple renal arteries are common what does the IMA supply? where does it arise? what purpose can the IMA also serve? - Correct answer-supplies: transverse colon descending colon part of the rectum arises from the abdominal aorta about 2-4cm above the abdominal aortic bifurcation into the CIAs it can also be a potential collateral pathway what are the two potential collateral connections between the IMA and SMA? what is the difference between the two? - Correct answer-Marginal artery of the colon (AKA marginal artery of Drummond) Arc of Riolan difference: Marginal is further from the aorta Riolan is closer What does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into? - Correct answer-right and left common iliac arteries what does the common iliac arteries bifurcate into? - Correct answer-internal iliac artery external iliac artery what is another name for IIA? - Correct answer-hypogastric artery what does the CIA supply? - Correct answer-pelvis abdominal wall lower limbs what does the hypogastric artery supply? - Correct answer-pelvis inner thigh what does the EIA supply? what does it terminate into? what landmark should be used to locate it? - Correct answer-supplies: leg terminates into the CFA landmark is the Psoas Major muscle what are the 10 LE arteries? - Correct answer-CFA SFA PFA/DFA PopA ATA DPA tibial/peroneal trunk PeroA plantar arch/digital arteries where does the EIA become the CFA? what is it superior to? - Correct answer-inguinal ligament the inguinal (groin) crease What does the CFA bifurcate into? - Correct answer-SFA PFA/DFA where does the SFA course? what does it terminate into? - Correct answer-courses the length of the medial thigh terminates in the adductor hiatus and becomes the popliteal artery what is another name for the deep femoral artery? where does it course? what does it supply? what other purpose can it serve? - Correct answer-profunda femoris artery more lateral and posterior compared to the SFA the thigh collateral pathway via connections to the popliteal artery (genicular branches) what is the popliteal artery a continuation of? what types of branches does it have? what are its terminal branches? - Correct answer-SFA genicular branches ATA and tibial/peroneal trunk why do many SFA occlusions reconstitute in the distal thigh? - Correct answer-bc the popliteal has genicular branches that connect with the profunda genicular branches and act as collaterals what is the ATA the first branch of? where does it course? where is the distal segment? when it crosses the ankle what does it become? - Correct answer-the distal popliteal A passes through the interosseous membrane to the anterior lateral aspect (front) of the leg where it lies close to the inner side of the fibula the distal segment is on the surface of the interosseous membrane near the tibia Dorsalis pedis artery what are the major branches of the DPA? what vessel does it unite with to complete the plantar arch? - Correct answer-deep plantar artery penetrates the sole of the foot as it unites with the lateral plantar artery to complete the arch what is the tibial/peroneal trunk? what is it distal to? what does it branch into? - Correct answer-short common trunk distal to take off of ATA branches into the PTA and the peroneal A where does the PTA course? what are its two terminal branches? what does it supply? - Correct answer-extends obliquely down the posterior /medial side of the leg terminal branches: -lateral plantar artery -medial plantar artery supplies the sole of the foot where is the peroneal artery located? what does it supply? - Correct answer-deeply seated along the medial side of the fibula supplies the lateral side of the leg/foot why is calling the ATA + PTA + peroneal a "trifurcation" somewhat misleading? - Correct answer-it is actually 2 bifurcations, not one what two arteries form the plantar arch? how is the arch formed? what vessels arise from the arch and what do they supply? - Correct answer--dorsalis pedis artery (deep palmar artery) -posterior tibial artery (medial and lateral plantar arteries) the deep plantar artery and the lateral plantar artery unite plantar and dorsal metatarsals the anatomical relationship for the arteries and veins is described by the proximity to the _______ - Correct answer-heart what word means closest to the heart? what word means furthest? - Correct answer-proximal distal how does cardiac contraction affect the circulatory system? - Correct answer-blood is ejected into arteries to maintain high pressure gradient between the arteries and veins where in the circulatory system is the pressure greatest? what happens to the pressure as it moves distally? - Correct answer-the heart it decreases what does the cardiac output determine? - Correct answer-the amount of blood entering the system arterial _________ and peripheral _________ determine what amount of blood leaves the system? - Correct answer-pressure resistance what happens with each cardiac contraction? - Correct answer-distends the arteries, which serve as a reservoir and source of pressure (potential) energy venous return = ? - Correct answer-cardiac output in terms of circulation, what does each of these vessels do? arteries arterioles capillaries veins - Correct answer-distribute blood to the body slows flow velocity, increased resistance nutrient exchange high capacitance blood storage movement of any fluid requires a ________ AND a ________/_________ differential amount of flow depends on the _________ difference AND ____________ - Correct answer-pathway; pressure/energy energy; resistance blood moves through a pathway from areas of ________ energy (_________) to areas of ________ energy (__________) - Correct answer-higher pressure lower pressure this is called an energy gradient blood leaves the heart with a mean pressure of - Correct answer-85 to 95 mmHg pressure _______ very little as blood moves through the aorta and large distributing arteries - Correct answer-falls small arteries and _______ are the resistance vessels and pressure falls to - Correct answer-arterioles 25-30 mmHg