Fresenius Annual Exam (186 Questions) With
Verified Answers
RN's oversee and assess - The patient treatment, direct interventions, provide patient education
Patient care technicians evaluate and reinforce - nursing education
What are the anatomical structures of the urinary system in order of urine flow ? - (2) kidneys (2)
ureters (1) bladder (1) urethra
What are the functions of a healthy kidney ? remove - - Waste products - creatinine, urea and uric
acid, ammonia
What are the functions of a healthy kidney ? regulate / synthesis - - Fluid balance, blood volume,
electrolytes and acid- base balance, synthesize calcitrol ( active vitamin D)
What are the functions of a healthy kidney? Endocrine / Enzyme - - Secrete erythropoietin -
stimulate bone marrow to make red blood cells
Release renin - controls blood pressure
What is urea ? - by-product of protein metabolism
What is creatinine ? - by -product of muscle metabolism
Uric acid occurs naturally in the human body as a result of ? - the metabolism of purine
,What is purine ? - a muscle protein that enters the body either through dietary intake ( about 30
percent) or from the breakdown of the body's own cells during cell turnover
Production of renin helps to ? - regulate or control blood pressure
Production of erythropoietin helps to ? - stimulate red blood cell production
Synthesis of calcitrol regulates what ? - calcium / phosphorous balance.
Synthesis of calcitrol enables absorbtion of what ? - dietary calcium; promoting bone health
Which of the functions of healthy kidneys are replaced by dialysis ? - Removal of waste products,
and regulation of fluid balance
What is the function of renin ? - Renin is a hormone produced by the kidneys with important effects
on the regulation of blood pressure, and on sodium and potassium balance.
What is a nephron ? - The functional unit of the kidney. It is a tubular structure and filters blood to
form urine.
What is a glomerulus ? - A network (tuft) of capillaries that performs the first step of filtering blood.
it filters water and solutes into Bowmans capsule.
What does Bowmans capsule do ? - empties the filtrate into a tubule that is also part of the nephron
Urinary excretion is ? - Excretion = filtration - reabsorbtion = secretion
, What is the function of erythropoietin? - Erythropoietin stimulates the bone marrow to produce red
blood cells.
What is the synthetic form of erythropoietin ? - Recombiant Epoetin Alfa ( Epogen) - or- Mircera
both are drugs given by licensed nursing staff to dialysis patients to treat anemia
Why must the kidney activate Vitamin D ? - The kidney converts Vitamin D to Calcitrol, its activated
form. This activated form of Vitamin D helps to maintain good bone health by helping to absorb
calcium from foods eaten.
What are synthetic forms of activated Vitamin D ? - Calcijex, Zemplar, and Hectorol ( synthetic
calcitriol) are medications used in treating bone disease for hemodialysis patients.
acute renal failure - sudden onset, severe, usually reversible, Drug toxicity, motor vehicle accident,
dehydration
Chronic renal failure - slow onset, progressive, permanent, diabetes - diabetic nephropathy or
glomerulosclerosis, Hypertension causing nephrolosclerosis, glomerulonephtitis
other causes of renal failure include ? - Polycystic kidney disease, Interstitial Nephritis,
Goodpasture syndrome, Wilm's tumor, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Alport's disease, Sickle Cell
disease, Acquired Immune Deficiency (AIDS), obstructions, Scleroderma, Drug toxicity ( heroin,
cocaine, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, acetaminophen)
What are signs of renal failure or uremia ? - Elevated levels of - BUN / Creatinine - phosphorus -
potassium, Anemia , Nerve damage, Yellow-gray appearance of the skin, fluid overload, shortness of
breath and edema, hypertension, proteinuria
What are symptoms of renal failure or uremia ? - Uremia, lethargy, weakness, headache, itching,
fatigue, nausea, restlessness, mental status changes, loss of appetite
Verified Answers
RN's oversee and assess - The patient treatment, direct interventions, provide patient education
Patient care technicians evaluate and reinforce - nursing education
What are the anatomical structures of the urinary system in order of urine flow ? - (2) kidneys (2)
ureters (1) bladder (1) urethra
What are the functions of a healthy kidney ? remove - - Waste products - creatinine, urea and uric
acid, ammonia
What are the functions of a healthy kidney ? regulate / synthesis - - Fluid balance, blood volume,
electrolytes and acid- base balance, synthesize calcitrol ( active vitamin D)
What are the functions of a healthy kidney? Endocrine / Enzyme - - Secrete erythropoietin -
stimulate bone marrow to make red blood cells
Release renin - controls blood pressure
What is urea ? - by-product of protein metabolism
What is creatinine ? - by -product of muscle metabolism
Uric acid occurs naturally in the human body as a result of ? - the metabolism of purine
,What is purine ? - a muscle protein that enters the body either through dietary intake ( about 30
percent) or from the breakdown of the body's own cells during cell turnover
Production of renin helps to ? - regulate or control blood pressure
Production of erythropoietin helps to ? - stimulate red blood cell production
Synthesis of calcitrol regulates what ? - calcium / phosphorous balance.
Synthesis of calcitrol enables absorbtion of what ? - dietary calcium; promoting bone health
Which of the functions of healthy kidneys are replaced by dialysis ? - Removal of waste products,
and regulation of fluid balance
What is the function of renin ? - Renin is a hormone produced by the kidneys with important effects
on the regulation of blood pressure, and on sodium and potassium balance.
What is a nephron ? - The functional unit of the kidney. It is a tubular structure and filters blood to
form urine.
What is a glomerulus ? - A network (tuft) of capillaries that performs the first step of filtering blood.
it filters water and solutes into Bowmans capsule.
What does Bowmans capsule do ? - empties the filtrate into a tubule that is also part of the nephron
Urinary excretion is ? - Excretion = filtration - reabsorbtion = secretion
, What is the function of erythropoietin? - Erythropoietin stimulates the bone marrow to produce red
blood cells.
What is the synthetic form of erythropoietin ? - Recombiant Epoetin Alfa ( Epogen) - or- Mircera
both are drugs given by licensed nursing staff to dialysis patients to treat anemia
Why must the kidney activate Vitamin D ? - The kidney converts Vitamin D to Calcitrol, its activated
form. This activated form of Vitamin D helps to maintain good bone health by helping to absorb
calcium from foods eaten.
What are synthetic forms of activated Vitamin D ? - Calcijex, Zemplar, and Hectorol ( synthetic
calcitriol) are medications used in treating bone disease for hemodialysis patients.
acute renal failure - sudden onset, severe, usually reversible, Drug toxicity, motor vehicle accident,
dehydration
Chronic renal failure - slow onset, progressive, permanent, diabetes - diabetic nephropathy or
glomerulosclerosis, Hypertension causing nephrolosclerosis, glomerulonephtitis
other causes of renal failure include ? - Polycystic kidney disease, Interstitial Nephritis,
Goodpasture syndrome, Wilm's tumor, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Alport's disease, Sickle Cell
disease, Acquired Immune Deficiency (AIDS), obstructions, Scleroderma, Drug toxicity ( heroin,
cocaine, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, acetaminophen)
What are signs of renal failure or uremia ? - Elevated levels of - BUN / Creatinine - phosphorus -
potassium, Anemia , Nerve damage, Yellow-gray appearance of the skin, fluid overload, shortness of
breath and edema, hypertension, proteinuria
What are symptoms of renal failure or uremia ? - Uremia, lethargy, weakness, headache, itching,
fatigue, nausea, restlessness, mental status changes, loss of appetite
