FISDAP EMT Airway Exam Complete Solution 2022/2023

FISDAP EMT Airway Exam Complete Solution 2022/2023 aerobic metabolism Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen. agonal gasps occasional, gasping breaths that occur after the heart has stopped alveolar minute volume The volume of air moved through the lungs in 1 minute minus the dead space; calculated by multiplying tidal volume (minus dead space) and respiratory rate. alveolar ventilation The volume of air that reaches the alveoli. It is determined by subtracting the amount of dead space air from the tidal volume. American Standard System A safety system for large oxygen cylinders, designed to prevent the accidental attachment of a regulator to a cylinder containing the wrong type of gas. anaerobic metabolism The metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the principle product is lactic acid. apnea absence of spontaneous breathing aspiration In the context of airway, the introduction of vomitus or other foreign material into the lungs. ataxic respirations Irregular, ineffective respirations that may or may not have an identifiable pattern. automatic transport ventilator (ATV) A ventilation device attached to a control box that allows the variables of ventilation to be set. It frees the EMT to perform other tasks while the patient is being ventilated. bag-valve mask (BVM) A device with a one-way valve and a face mask attached to a ventilation bag; when attached to a reservoir and connected to oxygen, it delivers more than 90% supplemental oxygen. barrier device A protective item, such as a pocket mask with a valve, that limits exposure to a patient's body fluids. bilateral A body part or condition that appears on both sides of the midline. Bronchioles Subdivision of the smaller bronchi in the lungs; made of smooth muscle and dilate or constrict in response to various stimuli. capnography A noninvasive method to quickly and efficiently provide information on a patient's ventilatory status, circulation, and metabolism; effectively measures the concentration of carbon dioxide in expired air over time. Capnometry A device that measures the amount of expired carbon dioxide. carina Point at which the trachea bifurcates (divides) into the left and right mainstem bronchi. Chemoreceptors Monitor the levels of O2, CO2, and the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid and then provide feedback to the respiratory centers to modify the rate and depth of breathing based on the body's needs at any given time. compliance The ability of the alveoli to expand when air is drawn in during inhalation. continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) A method of ventilation used primarily in the treatment of critically ill patients with respiratory distress; can prevent the need for endotracheal intubation. dead space The portion of the tidal volume that does not reach the alveoli and thus does not participate in gas exchange. Diffusion A process in which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Dyspnea shortness of breath End Tital CO2 the amount of carbon dioxide present at the end of an exhaled breath Exhalation The passive part of the breathing process in which the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles relax, forcing air out of the lungs. external respiration the exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood cells in the pulmonary capillaries; also called pulmonary respiration gag reflex A normal reflex mechanism that causes retching; activated by touching the soft palate or the back of the throat. gastric distention A condition in which air fills the stomach, often as a result of high volume and pressure during artificial ventilation. glottis The space in between the vocal cords that is the narrowest portion of the adult's airway; also called the glottic opening. good air exchange A term used to distinguish the degree of distress in a patient with a mild airway obstruction. With good air exchange, the patient is still conscious and able to cough forcefully, although wheezing may be heard. head tilt-chin lift maneuver A combination of two movements to open the airway by tilting the forehead back and lifting the chin; not used for trauma patients. hypercarbia Increased carbon dioxide level in the bloodstream. Hypoxia A dangerous condition in which the body tissues and cells do not have enough oxygen. hypoxic drive A condition in which chronically low levels of oxygen in the blood stimulate the respiratory drive; seen in patients with chronic lung diseases. Inhalation The active, muscular part of breathing that draws air into the airway and lungs. internal respiration The exchange of gases between the blood cells and the tissues. intrapulmonary shunting bypassing of oxygen-poor blood past non-functional alveoli to the left side of the heart jaw-thrust maneuver Technique to open the airway by placing the fingers behind the angle of the jaw and bringing the jaw forward; used for patients who may have a cervical spine injury. labored breathing Breathing that requires greater than normal effort; may be slower or faster than normal and usually requires the use of accessory muscles. Larynx A complex structure formed by many independent cartilaginous structures that all work together; where the upper airway ends and the lower airway begins; also called the voice box. manually triggered ventilation device A fixed flow/rate ventilation device that delivers a breath every time its button is pushed; also referred to as a flow-restricted, oxygen-powered ventilation device. Mediastinum Space within the chest that contains the heart, major blood vessels, vagus nerve, trachea, major bronchi, and esophagus; located between the two lungs. metabolism (cellular respiration) The biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within the cells. mild airway obstruction Occurs when a foreign body partially obstructs the patient's airway. The patient is able to move adequate amounts of air, but also experiences some degree of respiratory distress. minute volume The volume of air breathed in one minute without conscious effort. Minute volume = Tidal Volume x (breaths/minute) nasal cannula an oxygen-delivery device in which oxygen flows through two small, tube-like prongs that fit into the patient's nostrils; delivers 24% to 44% supplemental oxygen, depending on the flow rate nasopharyngeal (nasal) airway The nasal cavity; formed by the union of facial bones and protects the respiratory tract from contaminants nonrebreathing mask A combination mask and reservoir bag system that is the preferred way to give oxygen in the prehospital setting; delivers up to 90% inspired oxygen and prevents inhaling the exhaled gases (carbon dioxide). oropharyngeal (oral) airway Airway adjunct inserted into the mouth of an unresponsive patient to keep the tongue from blocking the upper airway and to facilitate suctioning the airway, if necessary. oropharynx Forms the posterior portion of the oral cavity, which is bordered superiorly by the hard and soft palates, laterally by cheeks, and inferiorly by the tongue. oxygenation the process of delivering oxygen to the blood by diffusion from the alveoli following inhalation into the lungs oxygen toxicity A condition of excessive oxygen consumption resulting in cellular and tissue damage. parietal pleura Thin membrane that lines the chest cavity. partial pressure The term used to describe the amount of gas in air or dissolved in fluid, such as blood. passive ventilation The act of air moving in and out of the lungs during chest compressions. patent Open, clear of obstruction. phrenic nerve Nerve that innervates the diaphragm; necessary for adequate breathing to occur. pin-indexing system a system established for portable cylinders to ensure that a regulator is not connected to a cylinder containing the wrong type of gas pneumothorax air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall poor air exchange A term used to describe the degree of distress in a patient with a mild airway obstruction. With poor air exchange, the patient often has a weak, ineffective cough, increased difficulty breathing, or possible cyanosis and may produce a high-pitched noise during inhalation (stridor). pulse oximetry An assessment tool that measures oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in the capillary beds. Recovery Posistion a side-lying position used to maintain a clear airway in unconscious patients without injuries who are breathing adequately residual volume The air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration. Respiration