17.1 - The Cold War Superpowers face off correctly answered 2023

17.1 - The Cold War Superpowers face off correctly answered 2023Yalta Conference Meeting between Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill. agreed to divide Germany into 2 zones of occupation controlled by the Allied military forces. Germany also would have to pay the Soviet Union to compensate for its loss of life and property United Nations An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation. iron curtain the boundary separating the Communist nations of Eastern Europe from the mostly democratic nations of Western Europe containment forming alliances and helping weak countries resist Soviet advances. Truman Doctrine Truman's support for any country that resisted communism. Marshall Plan A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe after WW2 Cold War the state of diplomatic hostility between the United States and the Soviet Union in the decades following WW2 NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, Canada, and 10 Western European countries Warsaw Pact a military alliance formed in 1955 by the Soviet Union and 7 Eastern European countries brinkmanship A policy of threatening to go to war in response to any enemy aggression. Meeting at Potsdam 1.) Cause 2.) Effects 1.) Russia is scared of invasion, so they disregarded that agreement from the Yalta Conference and secured Communist governments in Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Poland, and Yugoslavia 2.) Truman calls of Russia and tries to get them to let Eastern Europe have free elections - but Stalin declared that communism and capitalism could not exist in the same world and Europe was split into 2 halves; east and west. Policy of containment 1.) Cause 2.) Effects 1.) The Russian and United States relationship became worse and the U.S. tried to offset the growing Soviet threat to Eastern Europe 2.) Lead to then Truman Doctrine Truman Doctrine 1.) Cause 2.) Effects 1.) Russia was disregarding the United States' plead to stop the spread of communism 2.) America gave $400 million to aid Turkey and Greece - some people argued that the U.S. couldn't afford to do this. Marshall Plan 1.) Cause 2.) Effects 1.) Most of the European countries were ruined after the war. This was a plan to provide resources to help rebuild western Europe. 2.) The plan was a spectacular success. Even Communist Yugoslavia received aid after it broke away from Soviet domination. Blockade of Berlin 1.) Cause 2.) Effects 1.) As Europe began to rebuild, the United States and its allies clashed with the Soviet Union over Germany. France, Britain, and the United States decided to withdraw their forces from Germany and allow their occupation zones to form one nation. Soviet Union responded by holding West Berlin hostage. Cutting off their highway, water, and rail traffic to Berlin's western zones. The city faced starvation. Stalin gambled that the Allies would surrender West Berlin or give up their idea of reunifying Germany 2.) American and British officials flew food and supplies into West Berlin for nearly 11 months and Soviet Union accepted defeat which lifted the blockade. Formation of NATO 1.) Cause 2.) Effects 1.) Western Europe was scared after the Berlin Blockade. 10 western European countries joined with the United States and Canada to form a defensive military alliance 2.) Soviet Union was threatened and made a Warsaw pact with East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania. East Germany built a wall between them and west Germany - creating the Berlin Wall. This symbolized a world divided into rival camps Policy of brinkmanship 1.) Cause 2.) Effects 1.) The alliances threatened for the war to heat up. Each side wanted to have a more deadly weapon than the other. Eisenhower appoints anti-Communist John Foster Dulles as his secretary of state. If the Soviet Union or its supporters attacked U.S. interests, Dulles threatened, the United States would attack instantly. 2.) Both sides strengthened air forces, beginning an arms race that would go on for 4 decades Launching of Sputnik I 1.) Cause 2.) Effects 1.) Soviet Union created a satellite that could go above Earth's atmosphere - America felt like they were falling behind in science and technology, so the government poured a ton of money into science education. Eventually the United States launched their own satellite (1958) 2.) The skies again provided the arena for a superpower conflict - U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) started secret high-altitude spy flights over Soviet territory in planes called U-2s. In May 1960, the Soviets shot down a U-2 plane, and its pilot, Francis Gary Powers, was captured. This U-2 incident heightened Cold War tensions What caused the Cold War? American fear of communist attack. Truman's dislike of Stalin. USSR's fear of the American's atomic bomb. USSR's dislike of capitalism. USSR's actions in the Soviet zone of Germany. America's refusal to share nuclear secrets. USSR's expansion west into Eastern Europe + broken election promises. USSR's fear of American attack. USSR's need for a secure western border. USSR's aim of spreading world communism How did U.S. goals and Soviet goals differ after World War II? UNITED STATES • Encourage democracy in other countries to help prevent the rise of Communist governments • Gain access to raw materials and markets to fuel booming industries • Rebuild European governments to promote stability and create new markets for U.S. goods • Reunite Germany to stabilize it and increase the security of Europe SOVIET UNION • Encourage communism in other countries as part of a worldwide workers' revolution • Rebuild its war-ravaged economy using Eastern Europe's industrial equipment and raw materials • Control Eastern Europe to protect Soviet borders and balance the U.S. influence in Western Europe • Keep Germany divided to prevent its waging war again How did the Soviet Union gain control of Eastern Europe? Soviet troops pushed the Nazis back across