A brief history :ch1
Willis Created drawings of the human brain that remained the most accurate representations for
200 years
Coined names for numerous brain regions
Set motion the ideas and knowledge base for cognitive neuroscience
Foreshadowed the notion that isolated brain damage (bio) could affect behaviour (psy)
name : cog neuro 1970’s by george a miller
Cognition - process of knowing (what arises from awareness, perception and reasoning)
Neuroscience - study of how the nervous system is organised and functions
Explains how the function of physical brain can yield thoughts ideas and beliefs of a mind
How was brain build Trial and error
Current brains Found 100,000 y ago
Primate brain 34-23 million yearts ago (oligocene epoch)
Greeks Theoretical leap to the view that we are separate from the world we occupy
Thales (monism) Posts that the flesh and blood brain produce thought cognitive neuroscience
Descartes (dualsim) Mind could influence the body and vice versa (decided pineal gland was it)
Most of modern c&n Whether mind is enabled by whole brain working in concert vs. specialised parts of the brain
science working at least partly independently
Gall Convinced that brain was the organ of the mind that innate faculties were localised in
specific regions of the cerebral cortex
35 or more specific functions; from cognitive basics (language and colour perception) to
ephemeral capacities (affection and moral sense)
→ each supported by specific brain regions
(technically not a scientist → wouldn’t disprove theories)
Anatomical personology/ Through palpating the skull
phrenology (Gall & → read personality
Spurzheim)
Florens and animals Destroyed the brains of certain animals
Found that removing cerebral hemispheres → no perception, motor and judgement
Removing cerebellum → uncoordinated and lost their equilibrium
BUT, couldn't find areas for advanced abilities (memory/cognition)
Aggregate field theory Flourens’ notion
All sensations, all perceptions and all volitions occupy the same seat in these (cerebral)
organs
Faculty of sensation, percept and evolution is essentially one faculty
Localisation fell out of favour
Topographic organisations Map of body was represented across particular cortical area
in the cerebral cortex
(jackson)
Jackson Rare to lose a function completely → multiple regions of the brain contribute to a given
behaviour
,Tan & Borca B-b–b = barely speak (But understands)
Tan developed aphasia (could understand but could only say tan)
Found syphilitic lesion in left hemisphere inferior frontal lobe (aka broca's area) → specific
aspect of language
Wernicke W=V=vocal
Could talk but made little sense
Also couldn't understand spoken / written language
Found lesion in more posterior region of the left hemisphere
BOTH Focal brian damage causes specific behavioural deficits
Korbian Brodman Cortical maps (1909)
Used tissue stans → visualise different cell types in different brain regions
→ cytoarchitectonics Aka cellular architecture
How cells differ between different brain regions
Other scientists proved that these brain areas indeed represent functionally distinct brain
regions
Golgi Developed one the most famous cell stains
The Black reaction
→ impregnated individual neurons w silver chromate
Permits visualisation of entire neuron
Believed that whole brain was syncytium
→ syncytium Gogli believed whole brain was this:
Continuous mass of tissue that shares a common cytoplasm
Ramon y Cajal First to identify the unitary nature of neurons and to articulate what came to be known as the
neuron doctrine
→ neuron doctrine Concept that the nervous system is made of individual cells
Also recognised that transmission of electrical information went in only one direction:
Dendrites down → axonal tip
Purkinje Described first nerves cell in the nervous system in 1873
Herman von helmholtz Electrical current in the cell was not a by-product of the cellular activity, but rather the
medium that was actually carrying information along the axon of the nerve cell.
First to suggest that invertebrates would be good models for studying vertebrate brain
mechanisms.
Synapse Junction between two neurons
Mind scientifically Knowledge of the parts (neurons and brian parts) must be understood in conjunction with
the whole (what the parts make when they come together; mind)
Experimental psych born Studying the mind by measuring behaviour
Rationalism Held that all knowledge could be gained through the use of reason alone
Truth was intellectual, no sensory
By thinking determine true beliefs ad reject beliefs were unsupportable
Replaced religion
(descartes, spinoza and leibniz)
=/= as logical thinking
Logic Relies on inductive reasoning, stats, probabilities
, Empiricism Idea that all knowledge comes from sensory experience
Blank slate
Direct sensory experience produces simple ideas and concepts
When simple ideas interact and become associated with another, complex ideas/concepts
created in the knowledge system
Psychological Believed that aggregate of a person’s experience determined the course of mental
Associationists development
Associationism Complex processes like memory could be measured and analysed
(ebbinghaus) Ebbinghaus one of the first to understand that mental processes that are internal could be
measured
Became psychological explanation for behaviour
Thorndike Response that followed a reward would be stamped into the organism as a habitual
response
Rewards = mechanism for establishing more adaptive response
Behaviourism (Watson) Psychology could be objective only if it is based on observable behaviour
Learning was the key to everything
Sensory information is Data on which preexisting mental structures act
merely
Montreal procedure Treating epilepsy
Surgically destroyed the seizure causing neurons
To find these neurons → simulated various parts w electrical probes and observed the
awake patient
From observations create maps of sensory and motor cortices of the brain
Hebb Cells that fire together, wire together
Brain active all the time
Miller Brain also is an information processor and breaking the bonds of behaviourism
→ cognitive revolution
Chomsky Sequential predictability follows from adherence to grammatical not probabilistic rules
→ associationism couldn't explain how children learned language
Inslata mista Cognitive neuroscience is a mixed salad of different disciplines
INSTRUMENTS OF
NEUROSCIENCE
Driving force of brain’s Electrical impulses, fluctuations in blood flow, shifts in utilisation of oxygen and glucose are
business the driving forces of the brain’s business
→ also parameters that are measured and analysed in various methods used to study how
mental activities are supposed by brain functions
Electroencephalography Noninvasive brain study
Electrical activity - but photographic recording
Blood flow Mosso: Recorded pulsations as blood flowed around & thur the cortex, increased locally =
inferred that blood follows function
Fulton: blood flow to the visual cortex varied w the attention paid to surrounding objects
Kety. could perfuse arterial blood w inert gas such as nitrous oxide, then gas would circulate
thru the brain and be absorbed independently of the brain’s metabolic activity (depending on
diffusion, solubility and perfusion)
→ more drastic measures
Vallebona: tomographic Technique in which a series of transverse sections are taken
radiography
Willis Created drawings of the human brain that remained the most accurate representations for
200 years
Coined names for numerous brain regions
Set motion the ideas and knowledge base for cognitive neuroscience
Foreshadowed the notion that isolated brain damage (bio) could affect behaviour (psy)
name : cog neuro 1970’s by george a miller
Cognition - process of knowing (what arises from awareness, perception and reasoning)
Neuroscience - study of how the nervous system is organised and functions
Explains how the function of physical brain can yield thoughts ideas and beliefs of a mind
How was brain build Trial and error
Current brains Found 100,000 y ago
Primate brain 34-23 million yearts ago (oligocene epoch)
Greeks Theoretical leap to the view that we are separate from the world we occupy
Thales (monism) Posts that the flesh and blood brain produce thought cognitive neuroscience
Descartes (dualsim) Mind could influence the body and vice versa (decided pineal gland was it)
Most of modern c&n Whether mind is enabled by whole brain working in concert vs. specialised parts of the brain
science working at least partly independently
Gall Convinced that brain was the organ of the mind that innate faculties were localised in
specific regions of the cerebral cortex
35 or more specific functions; from cognitive basics (language and colour perception) to
ephemeral capacities (affection and moral sense)
→ each supported by specific brain regions
(technically not a scientist → wouldn’t disprove theories)
Anatomical personology/ Through palpating the skull
phrenology (Gall & → read personality
Spurzheim)
Florens and animals Destroyed the brains of certain animals
Found that removing cerebral hemispheres → no perception, motor and judgement
Removing cerebellum → uncoordinated and lost their equilibrium
BUT, couldn't find areas for advanced abilities (memory/cognition)
Aggregate field theory Flourens’ notion
All sensations, all perceptions and all volitions occupy the same seat in these (cerebral)
organs
Faculty of sensation, percept and evolution is essentially one faculty
Localisation fell out of favour
Topographic organisations Map of body was represented across particular cortical area
in the cerebral cortex
(jackson)
Jackson Rare to lose a function completely → multiple regions of the brain contribute to a given
behaviour
,Tan & Borca B-b–b = barely speak (But understands)
Tan developed aphasia (could understand but could only say tan)
Found syphilitic lesion in left hemisphere inferior frontal lobe (aka broca's area) → specific
aspect of language
Wernicke W=V=vocal
Could talk but made little sense
Also couldn't understand spoken / written language
Found lesion in more posterior region of the left hemisphere
BOTH Focal brian damage causes specific behavioural deficits
Korbian Brodman Cortical maps (1909)
Used tissue stans → visualise different cell types in different brain regions
→ cytoarchitectonics Aka cellular architecture
How cells differ between different brain regions
Other scientists proved that these brain areas indeed represent functionally distinct brain
regions
Golgi Developed one the most famous cell stains
The Black reaction
→ impregnated individual neurons w silver chromate
Permits visualisation of entire neuron
Believed that whole brain was syncytium
→ syncytium Gogli believed whole brain was this:
Continuous mass of tissue that shares a common cytoplasm
Ramon y Cajal First to identify the unitary nature of neurons and to articulate what came to be known as the
neuron doctrine
→ neuron doctrine Concept that the nervous system is made of individual cells
Also recognised that transmission of electrical information went in only one direction:
Dendrites down → axonal tip
Purkinje Described first nerves cell in the nervous system in 1873
Herman von helmholtz Electrical current in the cell was not a by-product of the cellular activity, but rather the
medium that was actually carrying information along the axon of the nerve cell.
First to suggest that invertebrates would be good models for studying vertebrate brain
mechanisms.
Synapse Junction between two neurons
Mind scientifically Knowledge of the parts (neurons and brian parts) must be understood in conjunction with
the whole (what the parts make when they come together; mind)
Experimental psych born Studying the mind by measuring behaviour
Rationalism Held that all knowledge could be gained through the use of reason alone
Truth was intellectual, no sensory
By thinking determine true beliefs ad reject beliefs were unsupportable
Replaced religion
(descartes, spinoza and leibniz)
=/= as logical thinking
Logic Relies on inductive reasoning, stats, probabilities
, Empiricism Idea that all knowledge comes from sensory experience
Blank slate
Direct sensory experience produces simple ideas and concepts
When simple ideas interact and become associated with another, complex ideas/concepts
created in the knowledge system
Psychological Believed that aggregate of a person’s experience determined the course of mental
Associationists development
Associationism Complex processes like memory could be measured and analysed
(ebbinghaus) Ebbinghaus one of the first to understand that mental processes that are internal could be
measured
Became psychological explanation for behaviour
Thorndike Response that followed a reward would be stamped into the organism as a habitual
response
Rewards = mechanism for establishing more adaptive response
Behaviourism (Watson) Psychology could be objective only if it is based on observable behaviour
Learning was the key to everything
Sensory information is Data on which preexisting mental structures act
merely
Montreal procedure Treating epilepsy
Surgically destroyed the seizure causing neurons
To find these neurons → simulated various parts w electrical probes and observed the
awake patient
From observations create maps of sensory and motor cortices of the brain
Hebb Cells that fire together, wire together
Brain active all the time
Miller Brain also is an information processor and breaking the bonds of behaviourism
→ cognitive revolution
Chomsky Sequential predictability follows from adherence to grammatical not probabilistic rules
→ associationism couldn't explain how children learned language
Inslata mista Cognitive neuroscience is a mixed salad of different disciplines
INSTRUMENTS OF
NEUROSCIENCE
Driving force of brain’s Electrical impulses, fluctuations in blood flow, shifts in utilisation of oxygen and glucose are
business the driving forces of the brain’s business
→ also parameters that are measured and analysed in various methods used to study how
mental activities are supposed by brain functions
Electroencephalography Noninvasive brain study
Electrical activity - but photographic recording
Blood flow Mosso: Recorded pulsations as blood flowed around & thur the cortex, increased locally =
inferred that blood follows function
Fulton: blood flow to the visual cortex varied w the attention paid to surrounding objects
Kety. could perfuse arterial blood w inert gas such as nitrous oxide, then gas would circulate
thru the brain and be absorbed independently of the brain’s metabolic activity (depending on
diffusion, solubility and perfusion)
→ more drastic measures
Vallebona: tomographic Technique in which a series of transverse sections are taken
radiography
